Suicide, A Social Theorist, Emile Durkheim - 2078 Words

The act of intentionally killing oneself, also known as suicide, has often been referred to as a permanent solution to a temporary problem. The great social theorist, Emile Durkheim, once stated that, â€Å"Each victim of suicide gives his act a personal stamp which expresses his temperament, the special conditions in which he is involved, and which, consequently, cannot be explained by the social and general causes of the phenomenon.† (Durkheim). This social phenomenon was studied and scientifically researched by Durkheim in order to discover and break the social causes and theories that allowed for its existence. While suicide is an uncomfortable subject to discuss, it has become extremely prevalent in all cultures and society- we have yet to escape this social issue. Although suicide affects those of all ages, the rates of suicide amongst the youth and young adults (aged 15-24) have nearly tripled in the past half century. Has this epidemic increased due to social media? Is it just a â€Å"trend† amongst this generation? Were Durkheim’s theories on the subject correct? These are just a few of the many questions that arise when considering the increasing rates of suicide among today’s youth. This research paper will examine the definitions and types of suicide in Durkheim’s studies, the current suicide rates and statistics, and most importantly, the contributing factors of suicidal tendencies in today’s world of youth and adolescents. According to the Oxford English dictionary,Show MoreRelatedComparing and Contrasting Sociological Theorists Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1599 Words   |  7 PagesEmile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber are all important characters to be studied in the field of Sociology. Each one of these Sociological theorists, help in the separation of Sociology into its own field of study. The works of these three theorists is very complex and can be considered hard to understand but th eir intentions were not. They have their similarities along with just as many of their differences. The first theorist to consider is Karl Marx. Marx has a uniqueness all of his ownRead MoreEssay about The Life of Emile Durkheim1371 Words   |  6 PagesEmile Durkheim was French sociologist. He was born on April 15, 1858 in Epinal, France. Epinal is located in the Eastern French Province, Lorraine. His father, Moise was the Chief Rabbi of Epinal, Vosges, and Haute-Marne, while his mother, Melanie, worked as an embroiderer. Durkheim was the youngest of their four surviving children. Durkheim’s great-grandfather, grandfather, and father were all Jewish rabbis. He was expected to follow suit so at a young age he was sent to a rabbinicalRead MoreThe Social Vs. The Individual946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Social vs. The Individual The concept of religion is a vastly complex and broad idea that many social theorists have tried to define over the course of history. Emile Durkheim and William James are two main theorists whose research has had a significant effect on how religion is viewed by many today. Although Durkheim and James are on different sides of the spectrum when it comes to their explanations of the role of religion in society and in the individual, there are also many similaritiesRead MoreKarl Marx and Durkheim932 Words   |  4 PagesThe seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were full of evolving social and economic ideas. These views of the social structure of urban society came about through the development of ideas taken from the past revolutions. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of production introduced by the Industrial Revolution, theyRead MoreEmile Durkheim And Functionalism1449 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century, which was seen as a time of great social disturbance, caused primarily by the French and industrial revolutions. This is where sociology emerged as a separate discipline. Emile Durkheim is the primary theorist for the perspective of functionalism. Durkheim moved sociology completely into the realm of an empirical science. For Durkheim sociology is the study of social facts, and its ultimate goal is to achieve and maintain social order (Ritzer, 2011). Functionalism perceives societyRead MoreMarx, Emile Durkheim, And Max Weber : The Unjust Theory Of The New World1470 Words   |  6 Pages Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber were all born from a middle-class background in Europe. First Karl Marx was born in (1818-1883), Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920) was close to Durkheim in age, but forty years later after Marx. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Ma x Weber are the most essential theorist of the nineteenth century whose theories are well known today. Their thinking was based on the rising of the preindustrial, and industrial revolution society. Europe went throughRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 Pagesaddress three core sociology theorists; Marx, Weber and Durkheim, they all had different opinions about how society functioned through the different types of relationships. Each theorists had a different perspective about â€Å"the social† and how that perspective presented it through society. Marx’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on production relations and how the classes interacted with one another through that type of relationship (Marx 1844). Weber’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on meaningfulRead MoreAnalysis of Marx, Weber, and Durkheims Views Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe sociological views of  the three founding father s; Karl Marx,  Max Weber, and  Emile Durkheim  all assert that various aspects of our lifestyle are fully a product of the society in which we live. Each theorist views the impact of society and its manifestation of our identity in a different way. All three of these men used the Industrial Revolution  and capitalism to shape their theories of social identity, especially the identity created by capitalisms division of labor; the owners of the meansRead MoreClassical Sociological Theories and Social Conflicts1315 Words   |  5 Pagesclassical sociological theorists Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, played an important role in the development of sociology. These theories help explain social conflicts and struggles that have taken place in past centuries. They can also be applied to social problems today, as most of them are similar to social issues of the past or effects of past issues. Some important points covered by these theorists are the roles of rationalization , bureaucracy, religion, and suicide; these pheromones tieRead MoreThe Idea of Social Theory776 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult to say when the idea of social theory came around because it is difficult to document such an event; it is not as simple as other firsts in the world. The earliest, one can say, is around the time of the Western philosophy came around with Plato and Herodotus among others and maybe even Confucius. The ideal behind social theory is that it is the framework used to study and interpret social phenomena throughout the world. However, there is a lot more to social theory, it also tries to relate

Buy Or Build Decision Support System Example

Essays on Buy Or Build Decision Support System Coursework BUY OR BUILD DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM In the wake of globalization, the cost of managing an organization in regard to products supply and logistics has become central in determining success. This has led to increased research on how to make informed decisions on which method to adopt as far as purchasing and supply chain is concerned. With the emergence of information and communication technology integrated supplier selection system, efficiency is possible and profitability is achievable (Lee, et al. 2006). It is worth to note that selection of the supplier is currently a pertinent decision as regards supply chain management for various industries and particularly processors and manufacturers. The issues to be dealt with therefore revolve around establishing an effective supplier network management. This constitutes supplier selection criteria identification, selection decision on the supplier and supplier progress monitoring.Decision support system involves integration of a supply an d logistic model in which accurate, quick and efficient decisions can be reached. Building a decision support system is both economical and sustainable. Opting to build rather than buy helps the organization in minimizing the risks associated with procurement section in preference to routine outsourcing on order-placing. Grey relational analysis (GRA) model is one of the widely used applications (Lee, et al. 2006). As it seeks to evaluate the supplier, it captures the quality of the product, purchase price, date for delivery, and quantity demanded. The simple steps to make appropriate decision regarding application are as shown below.Set objectivesIdentify alternativesEstimate costsConsider the availability of skilled human capitalCollect data and analyzeCalculate the grey relational gradeDetermine the best supplierThe above highlighted steps will help in building a decision support system that will remain profitable and sustainable by the organization.ReferenceLee, J., Internation al Workshop on Data Engineering Issues in E-Commerce and Services, DEECS. (2006). Data engineering issues in e-commerce and services: Second international workshop, DEECS 2006, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 26, 2006 : proceedings. Berlin [etc.: SpringerLink [host.

The Primary Care Clinic Free Essays

Discuss the key political, economic, and social forces that may have influenced the development of the clinic. Economic and social conditions that affect people’s lives determine their health. People who are poor are less likely to seek proper medical care, as opposed to people who are of middle-class status and above. We will write a custom essay sample on The Primary Care Clinic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citizens with more social status, money, and education have a plethora of choices and control over things, such as the neighborhoods, their salaries, occupational opportunities, etc. Jin, Shah, Svoboda, September, 1995, 153(5)) Dennis Raphael of the CSJ Foundation for Research and Education, reinforces this concept: â€Å"Social determinants of health are the economic and social conditions that shape the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole. Social determinants of health are the primary determinants of whether individuals stay healthy or become ill. † (Raphael, 2008) The development of clinics has become increasingly more important since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Politics influence clinics because when laws such as these are put in place, federal funds will follow. These acts will make healthcare more accessible to millions of people in the United States. (Hobbs, Morton, Swerissen, Anderson, 2010) What would be a good mission statement? â€Å"To provide exemplary medical care to our patients, thus improving the health, wellness, and productivity of our community as a whole. Expect to receive the same level of service and dedication that we would provide for our own families. † At our clinic, we offer these tips for better health. We believe in empowering our patients with the knowledge to enable them to make better lifestyle choices. (Donaldson, 1999) 1. Don’t smoke. If you can, stop. If you can’t, cut down. 2. Follow a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables. 3. Keep physically active. 4. Manage stress by, for example, talking things through and making time to relax. 5. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. 6. Cover up in the sun, and protect children from sunburn. 7. Practice safer sex. 8. Take up cancer-screening opportunities. 9. Be safe on the roads: follow the Highway Code 10. Learn the First Aid ABCs: airways, breathing, and circulation. Identify three (3) performance measures you would use to measure the clinic’s effectiveness and provide the rationale for each performance measure. The three performance measures that I would use are customer-client surveys, outcomes and efficiency, and operations. (L, B, Xu, 2001) (R. Griffith, 2010) Customer-client surveys are important, because we need to know if patients are happy with the care they are receiving from us. If they are not happy, it could hurt our bottom line. Word-of-mouth travels fast, negative or positive. Every tenth patient should receive a survey, since randomness yields better results. Bryant) I would ask questions, such as: * Was your appointment time adhered to? If not, how many minutes late? * Do you feel that you had enough time to express your concerns with your healthcare professional, or did you feel rushed during the appointment? * What are your thoughts on our check-in process? The outcomes and efficiency performance is extremely critical, because our goal is to decrease hospitalizations, and to manage illnesses. This will decrease healthcare costs overall. If too many of our patients are being hospitalized, then that means something needs to be fixed. The patients are either not following clinician directives, not coming for follow-up appointments, or we may not have enough physicians on staff. (R. Griffith, 2010) There is a critical shortage of primary care physicians in this country, due to the lure of more financially lucrative specialties. (Herrick, 2010) Last, but not least, is operations. In order to know what is really going on in the organization, you must speak with the employees that are on the forefront. They can offer suggestions for streamlining tasks, such as customer check-in. They are usually the first people that hear raise or complaints from the patient, so their feedback is invaluable. How would you approach decisions regarding clinic expansion and annual plan approval? Due to the healthcare reform laws that were passed during the Obama Administration, there is a very real possibility that many people will be dropped from their employer-sponsored healthcare to the increased costs in 2014. (Diamond, 2010) Four m ajor U. S. firms have come to the realization that millions, possibly, billions of dollars can be kept in the company coffers if they decide to cease healthcare benefits for their employees. The companies–ATT, Caterpillar, Deere, and Verizon Communications—made announcements in March and April of 2010 that it would less costly to pay the government-imposed fines, as opposed to absorbing the increased costs of the overhaul. The bill reduces employers’ tax deductions. To accommodate these patients during their transition from traditional employer-sponsored plans to government-based plans (including, but not limited to, Medicaid, insurance through the exchanges, etc. ), more clinics need to be opened to handle the impending influx of people who will be seeking care. The federal government will provide funding to clinics as part of their primary care initiatives, which will provide capital to help cover the costs of expansion. We need to expand our practice, and have these additional clinics up and running before this legislation takes effect. We need to keep the continuity of care momentum going strong in our communities. How would you describe the role of the clinic as a component of the healthcare delivery system in your community? The clinic’s role in the community is of the utmost importance, especially in today’s financial climate. Many of our citizens are uninsured or underinsured. Due to the deterioration of the American economy, many people put cut healthcare from their tightened budgets. There have been reports of a decline in office visits since we have been in this recession. Clinics are needed to provide preventative and illness care, at an affordable cost, to the people. Due to the health reform legislation, which stresses preventative healthcare as one of its focuses, clinics will play a major role in the delivery of healthcare in this country, as they should. It is more cost-effective to utilize a clinic to manage chronic illnesses such as diabetes, instead of going to the emergency room due to uncontrolled diabetes. How has public healthcare policy influenced the formation of outpatient clinics in the healthcare system? The clinic’s role in the community is of utmost importance, especially in today’s financial climate. Many of our citizens are uninsured or underinsured. Due to deterioration of the American economy, many people cut medical services from their tightened budgets. There have been reports of a decline in office visits during this recent recession. Smith, 2010) Clinics are needed to provide preventative and illness care, at an affordable cost, to the members of the community. Due to health reform, which focuses on preventative care as a way to cut medical costs, clinics will play a major role in the delivery of medical services in our country. For example, it is more cost-efficient for patients to utilize a clini c to manage chronic conditions, i. e. diabetes, high blood pressure, etc, as opposed to going to the emergency room when symptoms escalate to dangerous levels. How to cite The Primary Care Clinic, Papers

Relationship between Education Crime Rate - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Relationship between Education Crime Rate. Answer: Introduction Crimes or criminal activities can affect the well-being of the individuals and families in Australia at large. Crime policymakers need to consider few factors while formulating laws, rules, and regulations for eliminating criminal activities. It is essential to measure the crime rate so as to identify the number of criminal cases affecting the quality of life of the people in Australia. It has been analyzed that the high crime rates are attached with poverty, unemployment, excess use of drugs, problems related to family relationship and low education level (Lochner, 2011). It has been identified that there is a lack of awareness among the people or in the society due to which there is a rise in the crime rate. It has been identified that criminal activities are ranging from strike, theft, kill, assault, thievery, auto burglary and robbery. Various initiatives have been taken by the government of Australia so as to cope with the issue. Criminal education is an effective approach for m aking the society aware of the crime taking place and making them aware of their rights (Lochner, 2011). This research program will discuss the crime trend in Australia so as to identify whether there is an increase or decrease in the crime rate of Australia. Information will be provided for analyzing the trend in Australia. Project Objective Research objectives are defined so as to guide the research program in the right direction. The research program is carried out to analyze the relationship shared between the crime rate and criminal education in Australia. The objective of the research is to analyze the crime rates and crime trend prevailing in Australia. It is vital for the government of Australia to reduce the crime rate. This research will focus on the concept of criminal education which will help in eliminating the criminal cases in Australia. Critical analysis will be done of the different articles for the attainment of the objective defined in the research. Project Scope Criminal activities are creating harm to the society which needs to be targeted. This research program will discuss the analysis of the relationship between the crime rate and criminal education in Australia. Different articles will be reviewed so as to critically analyze the different aspects of the research topic. This research will provide knowledge of the different aspects including crime rate, crime trend and criminal education and its importance in coping with the rising issue. Different approaches will be discussed which will provide support to the data collection process. The recommendation will be made regarding including the criminal education as a compulsory aspect for dealing with the criminal activities. Literature review Criminal activities are taking place in different forms which are creating an impact on the well-being of the society. Criminal activities are creating an impact on the society financially, emotionally, psychologically and physically. Criminal activities are creating a long-term impact on the life of the society. Fear of crime has created an impact on the engagement of the individual in the community and reduction in the trust towards others in the society. From the data collected from Rule of Law Institute of Australia (2016), it has been analyzed that there has been a decrease in the crime rate across Australia in the year 2014-2015. Policies formulated by the government of Australia has resulted in a decrease in the rates of crime in Australia. Different age groups or genders are suffering from the criminal activities. People of Australia in under an incorrect belief that there has been a rise in the crime rates in Australia (Machin, et. al., 2011). According to Australia Bureau of Statistics (2010), criminal education has been considered as a tool for coping with the increasing crime rates and crime trend. It is possible to reduce the crime rates with the help of promoting criminal education. Crime is considered as a negative externality which comes with social costs. Including criminal education in the education sector will help the government in reducing crime. There are various reasons responsible for believing that education can create an impact on subsequent crime. Compulsory laws have been implemented by the government for the purpose of ensuring the safety of the society. Education creates an impact on the criminal decisions (Scott Hogg, 2015). Education not only deals with the crimes but also promotes lawfulness in the society. The government of Australia is focusing on introducing different programs for promoting knowledge of the crime and its impact on the individual as well as on the society (Hjalmarsson Lochner, 2 012). Education is considered as an effective approach for the purpose of discouraging crime. Youth need to be taught to be patient and to be aware of the adverse impact of the crime on their wellbeing. Australia has been considered as a safe country for stay purpose as the crime rate has been reduced due to the efforts of the government of Australia. Rates of crime in Australia are lower in comparison to the developed countries (Benier, et. al., 2016). For dealing with the rising level of crime in Australia, the government of Australia is focusing on preventing and detecting activities and increasing the penalties charged on people for committing a crime (Norton, 2011). Research questions Research questions are constructed with a motive to form a base on the basis of which data collection process will take place. Research questions will help in gathering data related to the crime rate, crime trend and criminal education in Australia and link between the crime rate and criminal education in Australia. Research questions for the research program are stated below: Primary Question What is the relationship between the crime rate and criminal education in Australia? Secondary Questions Why is criminal education an essential element for dealing with the criminal activities in Australia? What actions can be taken for reducing the crime rate in Australia? Research Design and Methodology Research methodology discusses the various methods or approaches which have been selected for the purpose of gathering data. In this research program, data will be gathered regarding the relationship between crime rate and criminal education in Australia. Data collection will be done with the use of different methods or approaches. Criminal education plays a vital role which helps in determining the manner in which crime rate data and information communicated to the public. It is vital to analyze the crime trend and crime rates in Australia so as to identify the contribution of criminal education in reducing the crime rate. Qualitative research: explanatory research method has been chosen for this research program for assembling of the data. Explanatory research is being used with a motive to develop an understanding of the various reasons, causes and the effects of these reasons (Rahi, 2017). This approach chosen will help in providing a detailed explanation of the aspects. The motive behind using explanatory research in a research program is to identify the problem and developing a better research model (Baskerville Pries-Heje, 2010). A research outline will be prepared for developing the research idea. This approach will help in providing in-depth information. The purpose of selecting explanatory research include increasing the understanding of the aspects, flexible and reliable sources and provides a better summary of the collected data (Subedi, 2016). There are few challenges which can be faced while using explanatory research approach. These challenges include Biasedness of data and ineffectual s amples (Saunders, 2011). Criminal activities have affected the quality of life of people at large and it is essential to deal with this issue properly. Quantitative research: quantitative research will be used for gathering numerical data which will help in providing a better understanding of the aspects of the research topic. In this research program, quantitative research will be conducted for the purpose of collecting data related to the crime trend and crime rate in Australia. This data will enhance the authenticity of the data collected. Calculated data will be used in the quantitative research for forming facts and disclosing the different patterns related to the research program. This approach is considered more structured in comparison to qualitative data collection methods (Quick Hall, 2015). Numerical data will be gathered with the use of secondary data. Crime rates or trend is being analyzed with the help of the secondary data. Data collection: data collection is an important activity on which research is dependent. Data presented in this research will be gathered with the use of data collection methods. Analysis has been made of the different sources available so as to choose the most appropriate one. Secondary sources of data collection will be assembled in this research. Secondary sources can be defined as the pre-collected data which has been assembled by other researchers and used in their research works. The motive behind collecting data using secondary source is to provide reliable and authentic data (Johnston, 2014). Secondary data will be assembled from the internet including articles, journals, notifications, and websites. Procedures and techniques: in this research program, secondary data will be assembled so as to provide authentic data regarding the research topic. Secondary data will be gathered with the help of internet sources. For maintaining the reliability and authenticity of the data, secondary sources published or issued by the authentic authorities will be used. Research strategies: an action plan has been prepared so as to conduct the research in a sequential order. It is vital to cover every aspect for the attainment of the objectives of the research. The focus will be on performing the research in a sequence so as to gather relevant data and presenting the data for developing the understanding or gaining knowledge. Research timeframe: research program has to be conducted within the timeframe provided for the purpose of maintaining the relevance of the research. This research has been divided into different activities so as to cover every aspect properly. It is vital to complete the research program within the time period allocated for attaining the objectives of the course. Ethical consideration: ethical aspects must be considered while conducting the research program so as to execute the research fairly. Ethical aspects play a vital role as they are norms or standards which are adapted for conducting the research by differentiating in the right and wrong. Ethical considerations have helped in differentiating between the acceptable and non-acceptable behavior. Principles or values which have been considered for this research are honesty, fairness, and confidentiality. Research Limitations There are few limitations which can create an impact on the process of the research program. These limitations need to be identified and dealt in a proper manner for presenting the data in a better manner and attaining the objectives. These limitations include: Shortage of resources: there are various resources required for the purpose of conducting the research. These resources include human resource and finance which will be used for conducting the research. Shortage of time: research program needs to be completed within the time period allocated. This will ensure that the research program is completed successfully. Lack of access to the data: data will be collected with the help of primary and secondary sources of data collection. Lack of access to the data can affect the data collection process. Time Schedule (Research Plan) Sequence Activity Initiation date Duration (Days) Completion date Description A) Choosing topic of the research 04 January 2018 1 04 January 2018 In this activity, the topic for the research will be selected. B) Construction of the plans 05 January 2018 3 07 January 2018 In this phase of the action plan, plans will be prepared so as to lay down a way for completion of the research successfully. C) Execution of the plans 08 January 2018 7 14 January 2018 In this phase, plans will be put into actions for the execution of the research successfully. D) Selection of the data collection methods 15 January 2018 2 16 January 2018 In this phase, methods for the collection of data will be selected. Different methods of data collection are available which can be used for the assembling of the relevant data. E) Collection of the data 17 January 2018 9 25 January 2018 Data will be collected with the help of methods of data collection chosen. F) Analysis and evaluation phase 26 January 2018 5 30 January 2018 Data gathered will be analyzed and evaluated for extracting meaningful data. G) Conclusion and recommendations 31 January 2018 1 31 January 2018 Data analyzed and evaluated will be used for drawing a conclusion and making recommendations for the research. Gantt chart Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that crime education is an essential element which contributes towards a reduction in the crime rate. Crime rates are increasing which are resulting in negative impact on the society. Criminal education needs to be provided to the youth so as to spread awareness among the society. Criminal education will help in making the society aware of their rights and explaining the harms criminal activities are creating to the quality of life of the people. It is important for the government of Australia to make criminal education compulsory part of fighting against the criminal activities taking place in Australia. Consequences of the criminal activities need to be explained to the society for overcoming this major issue. References Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Crime in Australia, Australia Bureau of Statistics. Baskerville, R. Pries-Heje, J., 2010, Explanatory Design Theory, Business Information Systems Engineering, Volume 2,Issue5,pp. 271282. Benier, K., Wickes, R. Higginson, A., 2016, Ethnic Hate Crime in Australia: Diversity and Change in the Neighbourhood Context, British Journal of Criminology, 56(3), pp.479496. Hjalmarsson, R. Lochner, L., 2012, The Impact of Education on Crime: International Evidence, University of Western Ontario. Johnston, M. P., 2014, Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, pp. 619 626. Lochner, L., 2011, Education Policy and Crime, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 465-515. Lochner, L., 2011, Non-Production Benefits of Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship, Handbook of the Economics of Education, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 183-282. Machin, S., Marie, O. Vujic, S. I., 2011, The Crime Reducing Effect of Education, The Economic Journal, Vol. 121, 463484. Machin, S., Marie, O. Vujic, S., 2011, The Crime Reducing Effect of Education, Economic Journal, 121, pp. 463-84. Norton, A., 2011, Does higher education reduce crime?, Andrew Norton. Quick, J. Hall, S., 2015, Part three: The quantitative approach, Journal of perioperative practice, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 192. Rahi, S., 2017, Research Design and Methods: A Systematic Review of Research Paradigms, Sampling Issues and Instruments Development, International Journal of Economics Management Sciences. Rule of Law Institute of Australia, 2016, Crimes rates in Australia, Institute of Australia. Saunders, M. N., 2011, Research methods for business students, Pearson Education India. Scott, J. Hogg, R., 2015, Strange and stranger ruralities: Social constructions of rural crime in Australia,Journal of Rural Studies, 39, p.171. Subedi, D., 2016, Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method Design as the Third Research Community of Knowledge Claim, American Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 4, No. 7, 570-577.

Computers Have Changed The World. Along With The Internet, Advanced Te

Computers have changed the world. Along with the Internet, advanced telecommunications easier travel. A global community has been created in the past 50 years. Using satellite technology and fiber-optics it is possible to communicate instantaneously anywhere in the world, using the Internet it is possible to use visual-telephones with almost no lag and this technology is available to almost everyone. If there is one field of social change that is on the fast track, then it is the field of technology, specifically computers, telecommunications and the Internet. Computers There are five recognized generations of the modern computer. The first is from 1945-1956, World War II lead governments to research the potential of computers in strategic combat. A computer development spurred by the war was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by a partnership between the U.S. government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer was such a massive piece of machinery that it consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, enough energy to dim the lights in an entire section of Philadelphia. Developed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC, unlike the Colossus and Mark I, was a general-purpose computer that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than Mark I. First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made-to-order for the specific task for which the computer was to be used. Second Generation was from 1956-1963, By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer's development. The transistor replaced the large, cumbersome vacuum tube in televisions, radios and computers. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has been shrinking ever since. The transistor was at work in the computer by 1956. Coupled with early advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to second generation computers that were smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors. The third generation 1964-1971 saw creation of the quartz rock. This eliminated the problem of transistors overheating and destroying a computer from the inside out. Jack Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments,developed the integrated circuit (IC) in 1958. The IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, which was made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Another third-generation development included the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory. The fourth generation is 1971-present, after the integrated circuits, the only place to go was down - in size, that is. Large scale integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. By the 1980's, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of thousands of components onto a chip. Ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to fit so much onto an area about half the size of a U.S. dime helped diminish the size and price of computers. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip. We are currently living the fifth generation, many advances in the science of computer design and technology are coming together to enable the creation of fifth-generation computers. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing, which replaces von Neumann's single central processing unit design with a system harnessing the power of many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of electricity with little or no resistance, greatly improving the speed of information flow. Computers today have some attributes of fifth generation computers. For example, expert systems assist doctors in making diagnoses by applying the problem-solving steps a doctor might use in assessing a patient's needs. It will take several more years of development before expert systems are in widespread use. Telecommunications Webster's Dictionary defines Telecommunications as "the transmission of words, sounds, images, or data in the form of electronic or electromagnetic

John Jacob Astor - Biography of Richest American

John Jacob Astor - Biography of Richest American John Jacob Astor was the wealthiest man in America in the early 19th century, and when he died in 1848 his fortune was estimated to be at least $20 million, an astounding sum for the time. Astor had arrived in America as a poor German immigrant, and his determination and business sense led him to eventually create a monopoly in the fur trade. He diversified into real estate in New York City, and his fortune increased as the city grew. Early Life John Jacob Astor was born on July 17, 1763 in the village of Waldorf, in Germany. His father was a butcher, and as a boy John Jacob would accompany him to jobs butchering cattle. While a teenager, Astor earned enough money at various jobs in Germany to enable him to relocate to London, where an older brother was living. He spent three years in England, learning the language and picking up any information he could about his ultimate destination, the North American colonies which were rebelling against Britain. In 1783, after the Treaty of Paris formally ended the Revolutionary War, Astor decided to sail to the young nation of the United States. Astor left England in November 1783, having bought musical instruments, seven flutes, which he intended to sell in America. His ship reached the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in January 1784, but the ship became stuck in ice and it would be two months before it was safe for the passengers to land. Chance Encounter Led to Learning About the Fur Trade While languishing aboard ship, Astor met a fellow passenger who had traded for furs with the Indians in North America. Legend has it that Astor quizzed the man extensively on the details of fur trading, and by the time he set foot on American soil Astor had resolved to enter the fur business. John Jacob Astor eventually reached New York City, where another brother was living, in March 1784. By some accounts, he did enter the fur trade almost immediately and soon returned to London to sell a shipment of furs. By 1786 Astor had opened a small shop on Water Street in lower Manhattan, and throughout the 1790s he kept expanding his fur business. He was soon exporting furs to London and to China, which was emerging as a huge market for the pelts of American beavers. By 1800 it was estimated that Astor had amassed nearly a quarter of a million dollars, a considerable fortune for the time. Astors Business Continued to Grow After the Lewis and Clark Expedition returned from the Northwest in 1806 Astor realized he could expand into the vast territories of the Louisiana Purchase. And, it should be noted, the official reason for Lewis and Clarks voyage was to help the American fur trade expand. In 1808 Astor combined a number of his business interests into the American Fur Company. Astors company, with trading posts throughout the Midwest and Northwest, would monopolize the fur business for decades, at a time when beaver hats were considered the height of fashion in America and Europe. In 1811 Astor financed an expedition to the coast of Oregon, where his employees founded Fort Astoria, an outpost at the mouth of the Columbia River. It was the first permanent American settlement on the Pacific Coast, but it was destined to fail due to various hardships and the War of 1812. Fort Astoria eventually passed into British hands. While the war doomed Fort Astoria, Astor made money in the final year of the war by helping the United States government finance its operations. Later critics, including the legendary editor Horace Greeley, accused him of having profiteered in war bonds. Astor Accumulated Vast Real Estate Holdings In the first decade of the 19th century Astor had realized that New York City would continue to grow, and he began buying up real estate in Manhattan. He amassed vast property holdings in New York and the surrounding area. Astor would eventually be called the citys landlord. Having grown tired of the fur trade, and realizing it was too vulnerable to changes in fashion, Astor sold all his interests in the fur business in June 1834. He then concentrated on real estate, while also dabbling in philanthropy. Legacy of John Jacob Astor John Jacob Astor died, at the age of 84, in his house in New York City on March 29, 1848. He was by far the richest man in America. It was estimated that Astor had a fortune of at least $20 million, and he is generally considered the first American multimillionaire. Most of his fortune was left to his son William Backhouse Astor, who continued to administer the family business and philanthropic endeavors. John Jacob Astors will also included a bequest for a public library. The Astor Library was for many years an institution in New York City, and its collection became the foundation for the New York Public Library. A number of American towns were named for John Jacob Astor, including Astoria, Oregon, the site of Fort Astoria. New Yorkers know the Astor Place subway stop in lower Manhattan, and there is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens called Astoria. Perhaps the most famous instance of the Astor name is the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. John Jacob Astors grandsons, who were feuding in the 1890s, opened two lavish hotels in New York City, the Astoria, named for the family, and the Waldorf, named for John Jacob Astors native village in Germany. The hotels, which were located at the present site of the Empire State Building, were later combined into the Waldorf-Astoria. The name lives on with the current Waldorf-Astoria on Park Avenue in New York City. Gratitude is expressed to the New York Public Library Digital Collections for the illustration of John Jacob Astor.

Structured Equity Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Structured Equity Derivatives - Essay Example Leverage on equity returns over predetermined ranges. Limit or reduce downside exposure to the underlying equities. Even out, compensate or reduce transaction costs as part of multiple option sophisticated investing strategies. The term equity derivative essentially means a class of financial instruments whose value is at least partly derived from one or more underlying equity securities. Market participant's trade structured equity derivatives in order to transfer or transform certain risks associated the underlying. Options are by far the most common equity derivative; however there are many other types of equity derivatives that are actively traded. Ramaswami et al(2001) have lucidly described the concept of structured equity linked derivatives through the concept of Equity Linked Notes(ELNs).They state as follows, "An Equity-Linked Note (ELN) is an instrument that provides investors fixed income like principal protection together with equity market upside exposure. An ELN is stru ctured by combining the economics of a long call option on equity with a long discount bond position. The investment structure generally provides 100% principal protection. The coupon or final payment at maturity is determined by the appreciation of the underlying equity. The instrument is appropriate for conservative equity investors or fixed income investors who desire equity exposure with controlled risk". The figure below explains the profits at the expiration of a fully protected ELN . Current Industry Scenario Since their launch on the London Stock Exchange in 2005, Listed Structured Products have become popular and flexible investment tools for UK wealth managers and brokers. In there simplest form, they offer ETF like access to underlying that may be otherwise difficult or expensive to trade, such as commodities, emerging markets or property indices. The more structured products, such as Accelerators, provide enhanced upside participation with no worse than market risk. In addition they can reduce other risks, such as eliminating currency risk for non UK investments, or provide an element of capital protection in case of market falls. Another range of products are designed for Income seeking investors. These can offer high annual (or semi-annual or quarterly) coupon payments in return for giving away upside market participation. All Listed Structured Products enjoy the benefits of being traded directly on the London Stock Exchange. These include: Transparency:Live, two-way prices are maintained throughout the trading day Ease of trade:Products trade and settle via CREST as with UK equity Liquidity: Trades of 5m+ can be executed at prevailing market prices Flexibility: Min trade size of 1,000 makes products highly accessible Key Terminology:1 Trackers: Tracks an underlying asset (commodity, Halifax house price index, equity indices etc) Cost efficient means to trade an asset Diversify exposure across an index Stamp duty free Typically long-dated or indeed undated with an indefinite lifespan Reverse Trackers: An inverse relationship with the underlying asset Profit from downwards price movements in the underlying Stamp duty free Capital Protected: Exposure to underlying asset at fixed percentage Capital invested is protected at specified level Stamp duty free Yield Enhancement: Track underlying instrument without leveraged downside Can incorporate many different features which affect

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

History - Essay Example After this war Britain came up victorious and this also eradicated fear of French attack on the colonies. Colonies did not have to worry about their own defense (from French) and therefore their reliance on British decreased significantly. British also were heavily indebted due to the expenses on the war so they increased taxes of the colonies. It was a tradition at that time to impose taxes on colonies in order to earn more revenue. This was also a reason for the disgruntlement of the people of colonies. They felt that they were under slavery and this played a major role in the revolution. British Empire had colonies all over the world and they wanted to extend their power. For this reason they forced all their colonies to trade with themselves only. Through Navigation Act British Empire forced the American colonies to trade with British only and restricted trade with France and Spain. This was economically crushing American colonies and they had their reservation on the act. Sugar Act was another piece of legislation that increased the problems of the American Colonies. The act increased duties on imported sugar and this forced American colonies to stop using British goods. The timing of this act was a problem. It came at a time when people were already suffering from depression and this Act angered people more. They thought that they were being exploited. Currency Act was also a controversial act that restricted the colonies from printing money. British Empire thought that the devalued currency of colonies was hurting their economy therefore they forbade colonist from paying British traders in the colonist currency. This really made life difficult for the American colonies. People had to pay higher and this deprived them from their hard earned money. Currency Act can be regarded as a derogatory piece of legislation that was aimed at hurting the colonies of America. This was a major cause of the American Revolution. The tipping point

Challenges and Opportunities in Strategy Implementation Essay - 2

Challenges and Opportunities in Strategy Implementation - Essay Example According to the paper the set plans need to well communicated throughout the organisation to enable all the staff to work together to achieve the company’s expected future results. Both new and existing organizations strive to get the biggest share of customers in the market. To acquire a big market share, organisation conduct different practices and activities to be more appealing and better placed in the market. There needs to be set procedures by the organizations that cover the whole field. An organisation that operates without set plans and procedures stand a chance to overlook other crucial areas needed to be better placed in the market. From this paper it is clear that organizations that set strategies and work towards implementing them are the ones that enjoy a greater market share. Putting set plans to action is one of the most important parts of achieving expected results. The small actions carried out in an organisation on a day to day basis need to be well linked to each other so as to contribute to the expected organizational results. Small daily targets need to be structured to contribute to the strategy of the organisation. Organizations need to be well structured so that all the staff can respect the expected results of the organisation. Communicating the strategies to the staff is crucial to ensure all staff works with a uniform purpose, which is to achieve the expected results of their organisation. For customer retention, organizations need to learn from the market reaction to various processes. Organizations with good strategy implementation plans are better placed to ensure that successful processes are continuously carried out and the non-effective processes are replaced with more productive processes.

Components Of Disaster Management Management Essay

Components Of Disaster Management Management Essay The occurrence of such disasters has continued to increase in a rapid succession. More than three million lives were lost due to disasters in the last quarter of a century itself. This number does not stop as billions have been affected in some way or the other. The cost of rehabilitation from these disasters has run into thousands of billions alone. The increase in the population of the world only enhances the chance of disaster risk which could cause massive casualties and harm to the human life in large numbers. The six billion mark in world population was reached on the 16th of November in 1999. The annual growth rate was estimated at nearly 1.33 %( seventy eight million every year). There is a greater risk on account of the industrialization and vast urbanization since a lot of people are moving to urban areas which do not have sufficient health care and infrastructure in place. Energy is released after accumulation in the volcanic activity or geological faults which cause seismic waves to bring about movement of the crust which is known as an earthquake. Humans are able to only detect three thousand earthquakes from the total of five hundred thousand earthquakes that occur every year. 7 to 11 out of these 3000 earthquakes cause significant damage to property and human life though this figure has increased the past few years. The toll of death due to an earthquake can range from as less as five to higher than two hundred and forty thousand. One out of two cities in a developed country is susceptible to a natural hazard like earthquake. Seventeen of the twenty largest cities are situated in countries with low resources. Eighty percent of the population of the world will reside in developing countries by the year 2025 according to an estimate. The research on natural disasters is of a lot of significance in case of developing countries. What is a Disaster? Many definitions have been put forward regarding disaster. Samuel Henry Prince started the study related to disasters in 1971 in Canada during the worst disaster witnessed in Canada. The disaster in point is the ship explosion occurred in 1917 in the harbour of Halifax, Nova Scotia. His research and social exploration of the implications of the disaster paved way for further theoretical and empirical research that lasted through the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. This saw a change in the way disasters were perceived. The focus shifted from the primary physical agent to the description and definition of disasters related to the social impact caused by it. Various academic disciplines were dedicated to the study of nature and disasters during the 1960s and 1970s. The definition of a disaster can be classified between the national and international level. The working definition of a disaster is designed in way to suit the professional background of the place where it is defined and is closely associated to the studies, work and research that is carried out. The World Health Organization has defined disaster on the base of the resultant health implications post the disaster. They have made use of the terminology called as Health Action in Crises. The International Red Cross has taken into account the factors that cause interference in human life. IN simple words, floods, earthquakes and hurricanes only acquire the status of a disaster when they leave behind a negative and disruptive impact on the living force. Al-Madhari et al in 1997 studied if a universal definition for the term disaster is possible and came up with a definition that takes into account both the factors of economic and health implications. The definition was as follows- an event localized in time and space with one or more of the following consequences occur: 1) Ten or more fatalities, 2) Damage exceeds $1 million, 3) 50 or more people evacuated. This is the basic essence that is found in most definitions of disaster which may carry different views. All the definitions accept disaster as a situation that is beyond the cope of control of the local community which warrants the need of external help. The disasters maybe a result of naturally occurring phenomena like extreme changes in climate or weather, technological and man made threats. Psychological stages of disaster Heroic stage The heroic stage is shown by the community and the individuals within that direct the various levels of energy in the tasks of help, rescue, shelter, clean up and repair. This behaviour is carried out in the span of a few hours to even days if required. Honeymoon stage The optimism characterized by the people in the community is the showcase of this stage in spite of the losses that occur due to the disaster. There is a wide media attention and, flow of resources inwards, and reassurances by personal visits by high profile personalities that look towards the rehabilitation process of the community. They provide the hope and belief that life will return to normalcy and no traces of the disaster will be seen. These resources though tend to exhaust by the third week of the aftermath of the crisis, there is reduced media attention and the real problems in the rehabilitation program start to develop. The energy shown by the survivors in the community gradually starts to fade away and gives way to the next stage of disillusionment. Disillusionment The hard experiences, the lack of necessities and the work needed to be done to restore normalcy creeps up on the person which leads to disillusionment among the survivors. Survivors find that the various types of financial help being offered are in the form of loans instead of grant, home insurance was not the best available option and that politics played a bigger role in the decision making. Signs of disgruntlement is how by means of complaints related to abandonment, betrayal and injustice, incompetency and bureaucracy. Stress is a negative aspect that troubles the survivors which slowly disintegrates any hope that may be left. Recovery All the work for which the base has been setup starts to show results. The applications are passed, loans are approved, and reconstruction is started. The individuals start to work at their normal capacities. People start regaining the state of normalcy with a period of six months after the disaster. Some individuals might take up to thirty six months. There is an overall sense of appreciation to aspects like life, relationship and morale towards tackling problems all owed to the lessons learnt post the disaster. Stages of Disaster Response Preparation stage The main objective of this stage is to improve the healthcare system and the general system that can be improved to the extent that future disasters can be tackled with ease and efficiency. Quick Reponses Stage The main objective of this stage is to make sure that there is a prober health response in case of a disaster strike that may create some needs. Counselling is provided during this stage which is present in the current health system. There should be help sought from external sources to boost the resources that are available in case they are not sufficient to fulfil all the necessary needs. In many cases the local supplies may not be enough to meet the requirement of the community which is why the stock has to be filled with the help of some additional commodities obtained from other external sources. Recovery Stage This stage has to be worked upon continuously and lasts more than a month after the disaster takes place. This stage could go on for years depending on the resources that are available for rehabilitation and the impact and type of the disaster. The needs of the survivors are taken care of by the local providers in this stage. Federal funds may flow in case the disaster is declared as a Presidential Declared Disaster. The funding is given to those in need of individual help. Disaster Management Definition of disaster management A lot of definitions have been put forward by authors on the topic of disaster management. A lot of these definitions merely explain the meaning of the term rather than completely stating the terms of preparation for a disaster. Christopolis, Mitchell and Liljelund regarded efficient and effective abilities and result of disaster response as the main themes of preparation for a disaster (2001). Creating a local response system and providing early warnings is also a big part of preparation (Integrated Regional information Networks, 2005). The definitions by United Nations Development program, McEntire and Twigg have definitions similar in theme with their own take on the preparation for a disaster. The program by United Nations holds hazard easing as the central source for disaster preparation along with the inclusion of planning in the description (2004). Similarly, McEntire and Twigg also consider hazard easing as a crucial aspect in disaster preparation saying that it should be a p art of it (McEntire, 2003 and Twigg, 2002). McEntire talks about different factors relevant for disaster preparation as a local government function that includes vulnerability and hazard evaluation. The lesser highlighted aspects of disaster preparation are also very important. Izadkhak and Hosseni point out education to be the foremost media in the preparation of a community for disasters (2005). The emergency plans, storage of food, securing furniture to walls and creating inventories of storage commodities are a part of this level (Paton, Smith, Johnston, 2003 and Siembieda, 2001). Review of preparation literature The disaster preparedness aspect is basically dynamic in nature which keeps changing constantly. The researches find out new facts with the occurring of new disaster even with respect to the community. The disasters and crisis are consistent but the practises applied in its management still lack the capacity to provide necessary results. McEntire has worked towards some crucial points in disaster preparedness and emergency management in his study. McEntire, Fuller and Johnston and Weber (2002) published an article reviewing the emergency management and the methods related to it. The main concern in the 2002 research was vulnerability while McEntire also finished his research related to disaster preparedness. Dynes also provide his view on emergency planning. His views were based on research instead of military models. The problem solving methods of Dynes emphasizes cooperation and coordination as the key aspects. (1994). This concept has been used in developing many other models as opposed to the earlier practice of using military models and instead switching to a research based and discipline specific model. The best methods of disaster preparedness incline towards discipline specific objectives as in the case of emergency management. A valuable amount of work has been spent for the identification and evaluation of the concepts and principles that are used in disaster preparedness. Some contributions have been made to development of disaster preparedness with the aim of creating a theory based practise and practise based theory (Gillespie and Streeter, 1987). The contributions from most individuals are not aimed at the creation of a complete disaster preparedness technique but individual research has helped immensely in making contributions towards building a complete disaster preparedness plan. A case in point is the research by Kirschenbaum (2002) article based on disaster preparedness from the point of view of Israel. The inferences drawn from his study were found to be applicable in a general environment. Perry and Lindell (2003) based their study on disaster management on the principles of perspective and planning and were able to identify 10 guidelines that should be used in the process of planning. Lindell was more focused on the planning while Kirschenbaum gave more importance to localized applications and principles. Each on his own was able to contribute an important aspect that led to the creation of a comprehensive disaster preparedness plan although none of the studies focused on all the aspects on the whole. Components of disaster management Earthquake Risk The risk of earthquake is a seismic risk to the environment and its habitats. The earthquake risk is inversely proportional to the capacity of resisting it. Research based on social learning by May (1994) shows that the more knowledge that is available, the less is the worry and lesser in the rationale for prevention. Knowledge and the use of the knowledge in the best way are required to improve the safety measures today. There is a process known as Earthquake Risk Management that works towards the prevention of threat or danger from an earthquake, reducing risk or consequences of an earthquake. It also deals on topics like preparation for dealing with a disaster, responding to a threat due to natural disaster, capacity building and knowing the effects of the natural disasters. There are the basic points of evacuation, rescuing, relief, rehabilitate and reconstruct that are covered. The population in India was marked at over a billion in 2001 and is estimated to be doubled by the yea r 2050. This calculates to a population growth of 1.61% per annum. The risk of earthquake increases by leaps and bounds in such a scenario. The urban areas are been populated to the extent of being overcrowded and figure in the highest density in the world of 237 people per square kilometre. This only worsens the situation. People in thickly dense areas have no alternative but to live in conditions like low lying areas situated closely near the rivers. This makes it mandatory to keep a full time alert and be ready with a disaster preparedness plan. Gillespie and Banerjee (1993, pp.242) have proposed there is a 5 stage plan which spirals upward with more refined levels including avenues, assessment, knowledge, preparedness and practise. The central point in these levels is considered to be knowledge. As pointed by Srivastava et al (2007), the reduction in disaster risks can be brought about by the proper use of information. Disaster management planning for earthquake In the past few decades, a high level of importance has been attached to the effective and efficient management of information and its use as a key component of disaster management in the regions of Asia especially Pacific Asia. Disaster management information systems have been setup by a number of countries according to their own calculations and needs. The applications include early warnings, reduction of disaster risks and emergency planning. The information plays an important part in disaster management and it should be used wisely. The needs of the information related to disaster management can be classified in two activity categories Pre disaster activities like research and analysis, prevention, risk assessment and preparedness. Post disaster activities like rehabilitation, response and reconstruction. The data related to disaster can also be classified into two categories- Pre disaster data consisting of the risks and the country Post disaster data showing the impact of the disaster and the resources available to counter the effects. National Disaster Management Information System The main aspects of a disaster management information system is a database containing the following- Mapping of hazard assessment Vulnerability Assessment Distribution by Demography Lifelines, Infrastructure and Critical Facilities Transportation Routes and Logistics Material and Human Response Resource Communication Facility The use of Disaster Management Information System is based on three aspects- Preparedness planning Response and mitigation Recovery Earthquake activities Preparation and Planning Identifying areas prone to earthquake Identifying problems Identifying and using Resources Control and command Advance Preparatory Action Post earthquake activities The relief activities needed to be performed by the government are- Maintaining uninterrupted communication Endorsing disaster preparedness and relief measures through media like newspaper and AIR. Evacuating and movement of commodities of essence such as petroleum should be facilitated in transport. Making sure that essential commodities are available at a reasonable rate. Providing adequate supply of drugs, vaccine and medicine. Restoration and preservation of physical communication links. Providing infrastructure such as latrines, shelter, electricity, road etc. On a temporary basis by making the necessary investment. Mobilising financial resources. In addition to these aspects, there are certain secondary functions that are needed by the relief efforts of the State such as Military aid should provide relief, restoration and rehabilitation services to the civil authority. Backup plans for cattle preservation, crops and health measures should be put in place. Technological and technical inputs for providing drinking water. Providing technical assistance for water management, water budgeting and several other uses. Coordinating activities of the voluntary and state agencies. Knowledge Management The knowledge related activities are dealt taken care of by the knowledge management procedure (Wiig, 1997: Civi, 2000). These activities include organizations and creation of knowledge along with share and use of the knowledge. Knowledge management can be more appropriately defined as the strategies and processes of identifying, capturing and leveraging knowledge. This definition was provided by the American Productivity and Quality Centre. Knowledge management is a field on the rise which has been able to collect considerable attention especially from the industrial community. A large number of industrial organizations have taken to knowledge management programs which serve as proof of its widespread use. These programs are helpful in making the industries more competent and improving their organizational performance. It is only a matter of time when all the companies will adopt such a program and the only factor to be accounted for is the way in which it has to be implemented to m ake optimum use of knowledge management and managing it properly at the same time. Implementation of Knowledge Management The Knowledge Management concept has caught a lot of attention due to its importance but there are only a few industries that have been able to make optimum use of the knowledge management techniques by managing the knowledge in their respective organizations. Stoney and Barnett (2000) suggest that a major number of Knowledge Management steps are bound to fail. This is due to the fact that the implementation of Knowledge Management is not an easy task that can be carried out by an organization. Technological infrastructure needs to be in place for the implementation of Knowledge Management along with change in the culture of the organization and managing knowledge of different types. Organizations that have made use of the Knowledge Management without making certain of the necessary resources at their disposal have mainly failed due to improper infrastructure and implementation. Implementation of the Knowledge Management is a tough task for any organization as pointed out by Drucker (1993) who is known as the father of modern management theory. He stressed on the fact the biggest challenge faced by an organization is the building of a systematic framework for the management of knowledge. Hence, it is imperative to build a perfect prototype or framework which helps the organizations before the implementation of Knowledge Management. Framework definition According o the Oxford English Dictionary, (2003), the framework is defined as a structure composing of parts that are framed together especially designed for enclosing or supporting anything like a skeleton or a frame. Popper (1994) has defined framework as a set of assumptions or fundamental principles of intellectual origin that form the basis for action. In accordance with these definitions, framework can be said to be a framework or a structure formed using a set of specific instructions or principles that is required to provide a base for carrying out necessary activities and actions. Knowledge Management Frameworks According to Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001b), Knowledge Management frameworks are categorized as a mode of providing guidance in a specific discipline. This means that it shows the way towards the building of Knowledge Management in a specific discipline completely. Dale (1999) defines framework as a tool used for the development and laying out of plans, a guide that helps an organization to carry out a certain action that works best for their business needs at their own pace. The framework most importantly acts as a link between the practical and theoretical aspects of the Knowledge Management and eases its implementation during an emergency or disaster. Various Knowledge Management frameworks The frameworks that have been described in theory are made to focus on different parts of Knowledge management and achieving its various purposes. The most popularly known framework is the framework for knowledge creation created by Nonaka (1991, 1994) that explains the evolution and conversion seen between tacit knowledge (not easy to articulate) and explicit knowledge (can be easily put into words). This is not the perfect form of a framework since it is only concerned with the creation of knowledge which is nothing more than a part of the Knowledge Management. Another type of framework that is described in theory is the one that provides information on cyclic processes of the Knowledge Management. From the studies of Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001a), it is evident that many of these frameworks only provide activities that stress on the knowledge cycle activities. They lay importance on phases of knowledge without providing supervision in the implementation of Knowledge Management. The examples of such frameworks are plenty including the framework by Bose and Sugumaran (2003) and many of the frameworks that were studied by Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001a). A third type of framework is the one developed by researchers that is used to explain the performance of Knowledge Management in an organization. The framework provides reference to shoe the analysis, structure and evaluation of the Knowledge Management in various organizations belonging to different fields. They were developed by Apostolou and Mentzas (1998). Framework requirements The framework helps in understanding, improving awareness and gives the conceptual definition of the Knowledge management that informs the people about the processes involved in it. Al the components can be understood with the help of a framework and puts the Knowledge Management in perspective by providing the people with a clear and concise vision which helps in its implementation. Managers find framework as a beneficial and important tool since it helps to decide whether all the aspects related to the Knowledge management have been covered that may be easily overlooked without the framework. It also helps in enabling the implementation process and helps coordinate the efforts put in by the organization in a controlled and systematic way. System Approach Framework Holsapple and Joshi (2002) laid out a three layer framework which consists of three major building blocks known as knowledge resources, activities and influences. The resources pat highlighted the pool of the knowledge of the organization that can be classified into six main forms of resources namely participants knowledge, infrastructure, culture, knowledge artefact, strategy and purpose. The activities block represents the processes to be used by the organization for manipulating the knowledge resources. Holsapple and Joshi (2002) were able to identify 4 activities related to this aspect namely acquiring, selecting, internalizing and using the knowledge which means the generation and externalization of knowledge. The manners in which these activities are performed tend to be influence by a number of factors that can be seen in the next block called as knowledge influences. The implementation is greatly influenced by this block and is classified into three categories namely resource (human, financial, material and knowledge), managerial (coordination, leadership and measurement) and environmental (customers, competitors, suppliers, markets and other conditions). The three aspects when viewed collectively act as the main components in the operation of Knowledge Management. A framework was created with the idea of four stages namely review, concept, reflect and act by Wiig et al. (1997) in order to explain a number of Knowledge Management techniques and methods. Review is the first step and relates to evaluating and monitoring the performance of the organization to find out whether the desired results have been obtained. Conceptualize has two parts namely analysis of knowledge and inventory knowledge. The former is used to identify and assess the problems, weakness, strengths threats and opportunities related to knowledge. The latter is used to find out the state of knowledge in the organization by finding out the knowledge assets. TH reflect part is used for the following- Create teams for assessing. Find out the Knowledge management requirements. Collect knowledge by identifying. Design structure to knowledge in warehouse. Maintain technology. Test the technology again. Train the knowledge workers. Show the use of Knowledge management practises. Track the usage. Get the system to start. Measure the productivity and quality, measure Knowledge Management practices. Conduct assessment review of the processes. Hygoyo Protocol Framework of Hyogo The priorities, mission and vision of the National Framework were created in synchronisation with the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) 1005-2015 that was agreed upon by all the nations in January 2005 in the city of Kobe, Japan during the UN-World conference held for Disaster Reduction. The expected result of the HFA after ten years is significant reduction in the lives and economic, social and environmental assets of the countries and communities. The following objectives have been adopted by HFA to attain the desired results- Better integration of disaster risk considerations and accordingly makes development policies. Planning at all the levels with focus on disaster prevention, preparedness, reduction and vulnerability reduction. The strengthening and development of institutes, capacities and mechanisms at all the levels especially at the community level that can help in building resistance to hazards. Incorporation risk mitigation approaches in the implementation of recovery programs, response and emergency preparedness that is used in rehabilitation of the affected communities. Scope This particular framework relates to provision of guidelines and direction to the national, local and provincial institutions. Aspects such as capacity building and vulnerability reduction are the crucial factors that help the communities and institutions to counter disaster risks. The strategies, policy implementation are taken care by this phase and programs for the parts of disaster are provided for. There are certain challenges that are recognized in the five major areas as follows- Governance- legal, organizational and policy frameworks. Risk identification. Monitoring, assessment and early warnings. Knowledge education and management. Reduction of risk factors. Preparedness to improve response and recovery. The Yokohama strategy concludes in its review the discussions in the World Conference on Disaster Reduction and the desired result that was decided can be described into five priorities of action as follows- Make sure disaster risk is a local and national priority with a very strong institutional base for execution. Identify, monitor and assess the disaster risks and identify early warnings. Use innovation, knowledge to build a safety culture which is strong at all the levels. Reduce the risk factors Make the disaster preparedness strong for better response. Case study of earthquake in Pakistan with respect to Knowledge Management The earthquake in Kashmir in 2005 was a massive earthquake with its epicentre in Pakistan controlled Kashmir close to the city of Muzaffarabad that affected the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilbit Baltistan province of Pakistan. It took place at 8:52:37 PST on the 8th of October. It was similar in size to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 2001 earthquake in Gujarat with magnitude of 7.6. Tremors of this earthquake were felt in surrounding nations like western China and Tajikistan. Four people died in Afghanistan while close to fourteen hundred people died in India controlled Kashmir according to reports. The damage caused was blamed on poor construction and major up thrust. Infrastructure Network usage- the network usage was high throughout the phases of recovery. Data and voice communication was very good in Islamabad. The landline network was brought on track within a coupe of days in town hit by the earthquake and the cell network was extended post the earthquake. The areas that were hit the worst had no assistance and relief and were left with no communication. Some parts were wiped out entirely. The skills to manage the technology were available in Pakistan but the management was not properly planned. Network Availability- At first the network was very low during recovery and later was raised to a medium level. The inconsistency of connection was the main factor rather than low bandwidth. The connection would break consistently which proved to be disruptive. The limitations were known fully in the remote areas but the staff did not pay heed to the cell coverage problem. Cell phones are not adequate in such circumstances. Interoperability- This aspect worked at all times during recovery and it worked in the favour of national staff success. Communications technology staff had prior experience working for NGO and used their contacts in organizations to full effect. Data Information The information was inaccurate throughout the recovery. The situation reports were not reliable. The data was circulated internally and contained insufficient information related to needs such as fundraising, donors and advocacy. This resulted in various queries sought from the headquarters to the staff for more information. Another shortcoming was the information distribution. There was lack of communication with the UN that put the NGOs at a los since they did not know the plans put in place by UN and the problems they faced. The cluster approach by the UN shoed positive results in the initial four weeks for common approaches, joint analysis and programming. Some participants did not take part in the cluster group (Food, Water, Sanitation, Education and Health). The coordination was improved with the establishment of the District Relief and Recovery Committee with

Free College Essays - When Honor is Gone in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello: When Honor is Gone, What is Left?   This is the question we ask ourselves while reading Shakespeare’s Othello.   Throughout the play Iago’s mission is revealed as trying to strip Othello of all honor, and reduce him to his bestial state.   Iago sees Othello as a beat from the beginning of the play and is determined to expose him to everyone. In order for the world to see what Iago already views Othello as, Iago intends to persuade Othello to violate his code of honor; the honor which is the only thing that separates the beasts from the men. Ironically, as Iago tries to coax the beat out of Othello by making him violate his code of justice, we see that Othello’s bestiality was there all along. From the beginning of the play, Iago’s view of Othello as a beast is obvious. Iago repeatedly describe Othello in terms of animals.   When Iago tries to anger Brabantio when news of his daughter marrying the Moor erupts, Iago describe his new son-in-law in vulgar, bestial terms.   Iago says â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram... is tuping your white ewe.† (I.1 lines 89-90) He also states â€Å"you’ll have your daughter cover’d with a Barbary horse; .you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans.† (I.1 lines 110-114)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago truly thinks Othello a beast, as he even refers to Othello in animal terms when he is by himself.   In Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1, Iago says that Othello â€Å"will as tenderly be led by th’nose; as asses are.† (I.3 lines 395-396) Everyone else sees Othello a man of justice   who is spoken of by the Duke as he says, â€Å"If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black† (I.3 lines 330-331) Iago is determined to bring out the beast in Othello, as he sees it is more just for everyone to know Othello for what he truly s, a beast. â€Å"Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me; for making him egregiously an ass.† (II.2 lines 302-303) Just as everyone views Iago as â€Å"honest Iago† everyone holds Othello in high regards.   We see how wrong the characters can be as they do not see the true evil inside Iago, we are implored to think that Othello truly is evil as well.

Research and Background on Research Methodology

Methodology can be defined as the analysis of rules of methods, techniques and regulations. The methodological analysis involves the systematic survey of methods. Which are applied to analyse the survey or a specific undertaking. To make the survey planned and increase the trusty in the survey, the different of the methodological analysis can be accepted in the planned of the survey or frame of the survey. The research methodological analysis affecting the aggregation of theory, thought or construct of the survey, comparison of the survey that have different of the attack and single methods that have different of the attack and single methods that are conduced when the research is being performed. These mean that research methodological analysis was the bosom of the survey. It is a peculiar or set of processs. Research methodological analysis besides can be defined as the system of roll uping informations for surveies project. There are two manner of roll uping the information, either theoretical or practical research. Theoretical research is a procedure of placing a attention set of connections within a subject and the demoing how they fit together or related to the topic. For the practical research is, associating to, governed by or acquired through pattern or action, instead than theory, guess, or thoughts, by free lexicon ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thefreedictionary.com/practical ) . Harmonizing to M S Sridhar, ( October 17, 2010 ) says that research methodological analysis is a scientific discipline of analyzing how research is done scientifically. A manner to consistently work out the research job by logically following assorted stairss. Methodology aid to understand non merely the merchandises of scientific enquiry but the procedure itself. Harmonizing to S M Sindhar ( October 17, 2010 ) besides tell about the benefits of making the methodological analysis of research. The benefits are: Promotion of wealth of human cognition. Tool to the trade to transport out research ; provide tools to look at things in life objectively. Develop a critical and scientific height, disciplined thought or a ‘bent of head ‘ to detect objectively. Enriches practician and his pattern ; provide chance to analyze a topic in deepness ; enable the research workers to do intelligent determinations ; understand the stuffs which no other lend of work can fit. As consumers of research end product helps to instill the ability to measure and utilize consequences of earlier research with sensible assurance and take rational determinations. Making research is the best manner to larn to read and believe critically. For the societal scientific disciplines are methodologically diverse utilizing qualitative, quantitative and assorted method attacks. Qualitative information is highly varied in nature. It includes virtually any information that can be captured that is non numerical in nature. There is the type of qualitative informations: In-depth interviews Direct observation Written paperss Quantitative information is the term that used to depict a type of information that can be countered or expressed numerically. This type of informations collected in experiments, manipulated and statistically analyzed. To stand for the quantitative information is in graphs, histograms, charts and tabular arraies. Assorted method in research is the combine of quantitative and qualitative informations. In the survey consequences subsequently, there will be the combine of the two informations, the information from the qualitative informations and informations from the quantitative information. It besides can supply more comprehensive replies to research inquiries. In the instance of research ‘Reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ , some method is used consistently to do the consequences of the hypothesis can be more clarify. In this survey, a batch of information was gathered from two types of beginnings which are printed and electronic beginnings. The printed stuffs can be easy found in Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak PTAR, Puncak Perdana Library, and electronic beginnings can be easy happen utilizing internet or any database. From these beginnings, a batch of information about this article ‘Reading ‘ easy to be found but it difficult to happen when the rubric focused to the specific range, which is ‘Reading wonts ‘ , or ‘Reading wonts among University pupils ‘ and ‘reading wonts among pupils ‘ . So, I forced to broad range to finish this survey. 3.1 TYPE OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH DESIGN In this range will stating about the type of the research and the research design that will be use in this survey. Here will be the particular of the type of the research and the research design to do others easy to cognize about this survey. 3.1.1 TYPE OF RESEARCH Harmonizing to Department of Health and Human Service ( DHHS ) , ( February, 2009 ) says that research wasaˆÂ ¦ . â€Å" a systematic probe, including research development, proving and rating, designed to develop or lend to generalise cognition. Activities which meet this definition constitute research for intent of this policy whether or non they are conducted or supported under a plan which is considered research for other a plan which is considered research for other intents. For illustration, some presentation and service plan may include research activities ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubject/guidance/45cfr46.htm # 46.102. † However, harmonizing to University Research Council, Nipissing University, ( January 29, 2008 ) says that research is any original and systematic probe undertaken in order to increase cognition and apprehension and to set up facts and rules. It comprises the creative activity of thoughts and coevals of cognition that lead to new and significant improved penetrations and/or development of new stuffs, devices, merchandises, and processes. It should hold the potencies to bring forth consequences that are sufficiently relevant to increase cognition. Good brooding enquiry produces theories and hypothesis and benefits ay rational effort to analyse facts and phenomena. This hunt for single facts or informations requires an open-ended inquiry for which is there no ready reply. Datas are gathered through experiments, studies or other methodological analysiss. So, the research significance is the original plants and systematic probe on cognition by person who have the involvement to make the research. It is besides to increase cognition and understanding on a topic. There are two type of research. However, research can be classified by intent or by method. If the research by intent, it have two classs, basic research and applied research. If the research by method, there are besides have two classs, deductive research and inductive research. In this survey of ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ can be classs as applied research because this survey utilizing the basic research to increase the past theories, cognition and methods to work outing this survey. 3.1.2 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is a model or design for carry oning the research undertaking. Harmonizing to the instruction lexicon, ( Jan 14, 2009 ) , research design is a program sketching how information is to be gathered for an appraisal or rating that includes placing the informations assemblage methods, the instruments to be used or created, how to instrument will be administrated, and how the information will be organized and analyze. There are few constituents of research design. It is: Specify the information needed. Design the exploratory, descriptive, and caused stages of the research. Stipulate the measuring and grading processs. Construct the pretest a questionnaire or appropriate signifier for informations aggregation. Stipulate the sampling procedure Develop a program of informations analysis There are two type of research design. It is quantitative research design and qualitative research design. In the quantitative research design, there are three constituent of quantitative research design. It is descriptive research, experimental research, and Quasi-experimental research. For the qualitative research design besides have three constituents in it. It is historical research, ethnographic research and instance surveies research. So, the research design is the general program on how research goes about replying research inquiry. This research on ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of information direction ‘ will utilize on descriptive research because this type of research can accurately portrays the state of affairs of pupil perceptual experience on reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management. Descriptive research phenomena as they exist and it will analyze by and large take natural informations and sum up it in a functional signifier. This type of research design that involve doing careful description of the state of affairs of the reading wonts. It is necessary to hold clear image of the state of affairs how the information should be collected and sum up. The study design conducted indiscriminately to the pupils in Faculty of Information Management semester five and six merely. However, there are four classs in module of Information Management. It is IM221 ( Library Science Management ) , IM221 ( System Management ) , IM222 ( Records Management ) , and IM223 ( Resource Center Management ) for semester five and six. These types of pupil normally know about reading and reading wonts mean in finishing the surveies. The suggestion from them can better reading wonts among pupil and besides can better the stuffs in library that can increase reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management. The study on pupils will assist the lector, pupil and librarian in Faculty of Information Management to increase the reading wonts and besides foster the spirit of reading among pupils. The research will utilize questionnaire to acquire back the feedback from the pupil. The questionnaire is a research tool that consists of a series of inquiries defined by the research workers. From the questionnaire, the research workers can cognize and the research besides can make the summarize on the research. The questionnaire will be distributed among pupil in Faculty of Information Management, UITM Puncak Perdana. In module of Information Management, there are four classs, which are IM220 ( Library Science Management ) , IM221 ( System Management ) , IM222 ( Records Management ) , and IM223 ( Resource Center Management ) . From 100 sets of questionnaire, 25 sets will be distributed for each class. The distribution of the questionnaire will take the topographic point in the country of Faculty of Information Management, UITM campus Puncak Perdana, Shah Alam. The questionnaire will be collected by custodies of me as a research worker. 3.1.3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Figure1: Theoretical position: reading wonts, reading stuffs, frequence of reading, sum of stuffs in reading, and reading stuffs types harmonizing to gender. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Reading stuffs Reading Habits Frequency of reading Sum of stuffs in reading Factor influence reading wonts 3.2 VARIABLE In the research works, there are two type of variable that a normally usage. It is dependent variable and independent variable. Dependent variable is the use or introduces the independent variable. This sort of variable is depending on itself. The independent variable is the variable that needs the dependant variable to stand. Independent variable can non stand itself. This conceptual model indicates the relationship which consists of the dependent and independent variables. This model denotes the four variables which causes to individual variable which were affected by the independent variable. Reading wonts is dependent variable, the discrepancy in which to be explained by the four independent variables which are reading stuffs, frequence of reading, sum of stuff in reading, and reading stuffs types harmonizing to gender. The independent variables in this instance are reading stuffs, frequence of reading, sum of stuff in reading, and reading stuffs types harmonizing to gender. Therefore, it is really of import of reading wonts for pupils. On the other manus, the dependent variable is the reading wonts. It can be seen clearly that the independent variables have influenced the dependant variable. This research indicate and lucubrate clearly that the reading stuffs, frequence of reading, sum of stuffs in reading, and reading stuffs types harmonizing to gender among pupil as an independent variables that will hold an consequence and supported to reading wonts among pupil as a dependent variables. Reading wonts Reading wonts is the behaviour of the pupil in their reading. It is about the continued and regularly reading the stuff they like to read. Example, the pupil read the newspaper on a regular basis. Reading stuffs Reading stuff is the stuff that the pupil return and like to read, but the stuffs they read for reading wonts is the stuffs that they read on a regular basis. Example, newspapers, magazines, cartoon strips, and novels. However, they must depict what name or types of newspapers, magazines, cartoon strips, and novels they frequently to read. Frequency of reading Frequency of reading is how frequent the pupil read the stuffs. How much clip they spend in their reading every twenty-four hours. Sum of stuff in reading Sum of stuffs in reading is the Numberss of stuffs they take to read in a twenty-four hours. Means that do the pupil refer to take more than one stuffs in a twenty-four hours for their reading wonts. Factor influence reading wonts In the reading wonts there must be the factors that influence people or pupil to read. Usually pupil reading because they want to complete their assignment and plants and they besides influence by their household and friends. There are ever holding influence why people or pupil read and why they take the stuffs as their reading wonts. 3.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodological analysis is the manner that shows the aggregation of informations for the research undertaking. In this subdivision would state about the type of informations and aggregation methods, the population for this survey, and the sampling design for this survey. 3.3.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH To make or to get down the research, the research workers need to cognize what capable that have meet his or her involvement to pull him or her to make the research. Then, there besides must hold the intent of making the research. This is the first measure to make a research, must cognize the ground why the research workers do the research. There is few intent of the research workers do the research. First intent is account. Every research workers need to cognize the intent of the research that he or she making. The research workers do the research because they want to increase the cognition and develop the new cognition that already has done by the past research workers. So, to make the research is like to explicate on the topic that has being chosen to make. The research workers must explicate why the research must be conducted and explicate his or her involvement on the topic that they have chosen to be their research. The 2nd intent is anticipation. Doing research is for the research workers make the anticipation. Research is assisting the research workers to measure the state of affairs and give the prognosis what will go on in the hereafter. Type of the information that has high demand in the market now is the anticipation of new merchandise. These besides use to do anticipation that what will go on in the hereafter. This will do the research more interested by the research workers in the hereafter. The 3rd intent of making research is discovery. Making research like the research workers found something that truly of import and this information will be so valuable in the hereafter. That why research making the research. It is to detect new thought, new cognition, and besides increase the cognition that has being done by the past research workers. The last intent of making the research is hypothesis. Making the research, the research workers must cognize and make the hypothesis of their research. The research workers should cognize the hypothesis of the research that he or she conducted. For this survey ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ is utilizing the applied research. So, here the intent of the applied research, proving theories, generates the survey, use the survey in the existent universes, and address more than merely the abstract rules. The hypothesis of this survey is promoting pupils to read and do reading as their wonts. After administering the questionnaire and do the analysis of the questionnaire, this survey can be applied by the existent universes as the mention. 3.3.2 TYPE OF DATA AND DATA COLLECTION METHOD There are two types of informations that normally use in research plant. It is quantitative informations and qualitative informations. Quantitative information is in the numerical information. The information can be countered and showed in the numerical information. Normally this sort of informations collected in experiments, statistical analyzes and manipulated. For the qualitative information is sort of informations that non in numerical informations. It is much more than words and text. Normally, it showed the exposure, picture, sound recordings and so on. This sort of informations can be collected by making interview, direct observation, and written papers. The survey ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ utilizing the quantitative information. The information for this survey will be collected by distribute the questionnaire. In this questionnaire there must be the inquiry inquiring the respondent about the survey. From the informations that collected by questionnaire, I can acquire the reply about the survey I am making. 3.3.3 Population Population in research plant is stating about the group of people that where the topic that the research workers taking. The group besides will stand for the plants of the research workers. Before the research workers set the population for his or her research, the research workers must cognize about the community that he or she wants to go his or her population. The characters of the community besides must be known. The community that will became the population in the research works besides must hold experience and cognition about the research that the research workers conduct. The population besides is a group of the possible participants that will go the researcher population so that the research workers can generalise the consequences for his or her survey. The population of the research for the survey ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ is the pupil from semester five and six in the Faculty if Information Management. But, the pupils as the population in this survey come from the 4 classs in the Faculty of Information Management. The four classs is IM220 ( Library Science Management ) , IM221 ( System Management ) , IM222 ( Records Management ) , and IM223 ( Resource Center Management ) . The selected inquiry will be give one questionnaire and they have to finish the questionnaire. The pupils that will be selected are indiscriminately in the country of pupil semester five and six from the four classs. The feedback that given by the respondent will give the consequence to the survey that conducted. 3.3.4 SAMPLING DESIGN Sampling design of the research works is one of the procedure, action or technique in the choosing of the sample that the researcher demand to make to acquire the information from the population that he or her mark as the respondent of his or her survey. These samplings besides refer to the communities that represent the information for the survey from the hall community. This mean that there will be some of the community will be taking to be the respondent of the research. The research workers need to make the sampling design to do the decision from the sample that on the population or from the questionnaire that have been distribute. From the trying design besides the research workers would acquire the reply for his or her research. Sampling design is of import because the sampling can demo the mark of the research workers on the survey. In this research, the simple random sampling has been used. Selected a group of the topic ( a sample ) and for the survey from the larger group ( a population ) is one of the simple random trying design in the basic technique. Each individual in the population will be selected as the mark respondent. In the conceptual, simple random sampling was the simplest of the sampling technique. It is non necessitate a big population. In the simple random sample, the research workers must take one of the people in the population and from that, there must non hold any order to take a specific person. Here mean that, there no specific person but choose the individual in the population indiscriminately. Exploitation and make the sampling design have the advantage. The advantage of making the trying design is it is easy, simple and can be apply in the little population. However, there are disadvantages making this trying design. It is the research worker demand to name the point and individual in a population before making the distribution of questionnaire so the research workers need to make the distribution work in the big population harmonizing to what he or she listed in the sampling design. In this survey of ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ , the questionnaire will be distributed indiscriminately to the pupil on Faculty of Information Management, UITM Puncak Perdana, for the four classs which is IM220 ( Library Science Management ) , IM221 ( System Management ) , IM222 ( Records Management ) , and IM223 ( Resource Center Management ) . There are 80 questionnaire will be distributed indiscriminately to the pupil in Faculty of Information Management and the pupil that have been choose was pupil from semester five and six merely. 3.4 INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT The instrument is used to mensurating some of the quality or the ability of the topic or the research works. The intent of the instrument is to assist the research workers to do the sampling of the survey to acquire the information for the survey. An instrument can be a trial, signifier, interview, checklist, and a set of classs. Normally in research plants they use two of this instrument, questionnaire or interview. Questionnaire is the inquiry that have stated by the research workers in the documents and this inquiry must be fill wholly by the respondent. The questionnaire is the open-ended inquiries. Interview is when the research workers go run into person that a professional in the topic that research workers do and making the interview by face-to-face. The questionnaire is the simple manner to administer the study to the population that has been chooses by the research workers. The questionnaire will be giving and collected by manus by the research workers itself. It is different in making interview study. The research workers need to travel personally making the interview and normally the individual that being interviewed must be professional in the field that the research workers research. The format questionnaire can act upon the quality of informations collected, but the order of the points in the questionnaire can act upon the reply from the response given. The questionnaire must be stick to the intent of the topic, the topic that have been taking, and the aim of the research. The questionnaire strategically composed utilizing assorted inquiries formats, it is unfastened inquiry and close inquiry. Giving the questionnaire to the respondent is the appropriate for this sort of research which is needed the sentiment and perceptual experience from the respondents on the research subject which is ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ . The questionnaire content three ( 3 ) parts focused on specific countries. The countries of the probe focal point on: answering involvement in reading, respondent reading behaviours, and answering sentiment. Each of the subdivision will be described below: Part A: Demographic This subdivision will state about the characters of the respondents that have being chosen. Part B: Answering Interest IN READING In this subdivision consist of inquiry on the questionnaire is about the involvement of the pupil in the stuffs the ever read, the stuff that the pupil choose to read as their reading wonts, and why they choose the stuffs as their wonts in reading. Part C: RESPONDENT READING BEHAVIORS Answering reading behaviours tell about the times the pupil refer to do the reading, where the topographic point the pupil want to read normally, type of the stuff the pupil refer to read, the type of the entree stuff the pupil choose to read, and how many stuffs the pupil read in a hebdomad. Part D: Answering Opinion This subdivision ask the sentiment of the pupil on the bash they agree or disagree with the stuffs they choose can assist them in survey, do the reading spring or increase their cognition and experience, and what the pupil sentiment about the reading wonts and do the reading wonts can assist to determining the personalities of the pupil. 3.5 DATA COLLECTION Data aggregation is the procedure where the research workers roll uping the information from the respondent that being take either the research workers distribute the questionnaire or interview. Data aggregation besides the manner of colleting the information for the usage in the assorted of survey or doing determination in some state of affairs. Data aggregation is the of import component in the research survey. Data aggregation can be made in several ways, either the research workers choose to utilize the distribution of questionnaire, interview, or direct observation. To be after the informations aggregation the research workers must carefully believe on the inquiry that he or she will set in the questionnaire or in the interview because the reply or the consequence from the questionnaire and the interview will give impact to the information analysis and the research the terminal of it. The research workers besides must believe how to form the information, the inquiry and information subsequently and before the distribution of questionnaire and interview. The research workers should believe in this information aggregation, what inquiry or information should he or she put and how much the information the research workers should roll up. In the informations aggregation the research workers should set the information about the sum of the participant that will be in the research, feature of the research, type of the participants, demographic informations and what the research privation to make. All the informations aggregation must associate to the research. To roll up the information for the research, the research workers must utilize this type of informations aggregation method. It is sentiment study, questionnaire, single interview and group interview, simulation, and direct observation. But, normally the celebrated method in the information aggregation is utilizing the questionnaire and interviews. It is easy to utilize and faster to acquire the informations feedback. To take the method for the informations aggregation, the research workers must cognize the handiness, dependability and cogency. Availability is about the inquiry that the research workers want to utilize in the questionnaire or in the interview, is it the inquiry is available and is it the information from the consequence subsequently is available to the research. Making the research works, the research must hold the dependability and the cogency. If non there must be job in the research works. In this survey ‘reading wonts among pupil of Faculty of Information Management ‘ the research workers use the questionnaire in the information aggregation. For the informations aggregation, in the questionnaire, the research workers divide inquiry into four subdivisions harmonizing to the of import of the surveies. The four subdivisions is demographic, answering involvement in reading, answering behaviours and the last subdivision is answering sentiment. In the questionnaire, there are parts that I do the inquiry utilizing the likert grading. Likert grading is the popular format in the research questionnaire. For this survey, I ‘m utilizing the disposal likert grading, it is each respondent is asked to rate the inquiry have been inquiring in the questionnaire harmonizing the sentiment of the respondent. Example of the disposal likert grading is figure 1 until 5, figure 1 refer to the strongly disagree and figure 5 refer to the strongly agree. In this survey besides have the inquiry inquiring about the sentiment of the respondent on the topic that I take to be his or her surveies. Besides, in the questionnaire, I ‘m inquiring on the behaviour of the respondent about the survey that I conduct. Using the questionnaire in these surveies has the advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is utilizing the questionnaire, the collected informations faster because I can give to the respondent by manus and acquire feedback besides by manus. But, the disadvantage is some of the respondent will make non desire to reply the questionnaire and if they want to reply, sometimes they do non reply the inquiry. 3.6 DATA ANALYSIS After the research workers collect the information, the research workers must making the informations analyze to analysis the information that have been get by the research workers. The information analysis is the procedure on to measure the informations that have been collected. There are three plants have to be considered in the information analysis, it is data readying, descriptive statistics, and illative statistics. Datas that have been get from the respondent must be prepare to analyse it. In this readying of the informations, the respondent must make the checking works, reexamine the information for the truth of the informations, altering the information, and develop the informations and certification the construction of the informations utilizing the assorted actions, either utilizing the computing machines or manual. Descriptive statistic is used to give the basic visual on the information in the survey. In this descriptive statistic, the action that been taken is making the simple analysis and simple sample of the steps. In this action, there must already hold the simple graph that shows the analysis from the information that have been collected. The last of the plants in the information analysis that research workers should see is the illative statistic. In this works the research workers do the decision of the informations that the research workers have been prepare, and analyse it in the descriptive statistic. In this subdivision besides the research worker do the hypothesis works. However, the research workers must cognize about the informations methods of the information analysis that the research workers will used. Is it the informations that the research workers collected is more on the qualitative informations or in quantitative informations. In this survey ‘reading wonts among pupil in Faculty of Information Management ‘ , I am utilizing the SPSS ( Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ) . SPSS is the characteristic that are truly of import to analyse the statistic for the societal research. 3.7 Decision For the decision, the research methodological analysis is stating about the method that being used in the research works by the research workers to complete the thesis. In this chapter, there must be about the type of research that research workers used, research design for this surveies, the variable of the surveies, research method have to used to finish this research works, the informations aggregation, and the information analysis that must make in this research. In this chapter will state briefly about the research method that must be used before continue to another chapter that more profoundly about this surveies.