Impacts of Automatic Cars

Question: Clarify about the how programmed vehicles have influenced the money related structure of the nation however it has some great effects on the general public also. Answer: Presentation: Two associations have consolidated and executed another imaginative vehicle which is to be worked without drivers. Google has built up a mechanical programming and has actualized this as modern driver less vehicles. The association has assumed the full liability of the travelers. It has been seen that it is white innovation that has upheld such an auto pilot framework and has expanded the attention to the drivers in controlling the vehicle in crisis circumstance (Stanton, 2015). The association has not changed the fundamental structure of the vehicles, for example, controlling wheel, pedals, grip and break. The association has named the new vehicle Catch 22 (Litman, 2014). The association has just executed driverless vehicles and is proceeding with the exploration procedure. The association expects that this item will be discharged in the market inside a few years . Primary body: Article 1: It has been watched the idealistic vision of the engine vehicle has helped the association in executing the auto driving office in the vehicles. Along these lines, the drivers can work or take rest while driving the vehicles. The association has asserted that it is the most noteworthy mechanical accomplishments till now (Fagnant Kockelman, 2014). In any case, the association has not changed the essential settings of the mechanical pieces of the vehicles in light of the fact that with these the drivers can control the vehicle in the event of a crisis. The vital pieces of the vehicles, for example, controlling wheel, pedal, grasp and break stay same with the goal that the drivers can drive the vehicles easily. The association has renamed this as Catch 22 (Burns, 2013). The association has guaranteed that the drivers won't require to drive the PC drive vehicles. As expressed by Le, Zolfaghari and Polak (2015), once in a while the PC driven vehicles are dependable however the dependability can't be ensured. As contended by Verberne, Ham and Midden (2012), the drivers can comprehend the street conditions superior to the software engineers and specialists. It has been seen that clients are frequently confronting with respect to perusing, working, web and email utilization and other such offices in these driverless vehicles. Be that as it may, no one knows about the offices of these driverless vehicles (Merat et al., 2012). As indicated by the 20 Years look into report it has been discovered that drivers are undeniably more essential than a programmed system(Firnkorn Mller, 2015). As expressed by Firnkorn and Mller (2015), the human drivers neglect to intercede when these programmed driving frameworks. As indicated by Litman, (2014), the association needs to build up another framework which conveys persistent data to the drivers. Then again, it has been discovered the robotized stopping mechanism is multiple times more slow than the manual slowing mechanism (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The association has watched such mechanical vehicles decrease the obligation of the drivers as they have practically no control on the vehicle. Article 2: Google has just discharged film of the model of the driverless vehicles. Then again, the association has just impacted individuals about the capability of oneself driving vehicles. This thought may not be new, yet the executed great mechanical development is. It has been seen that huge vehicle producers have just introduced the old 1920s self-ruling vehicle programming framework named as enchantment thruway (theconversation.com, 2014). Clients appear to amazingly be confounded about their decision on the grounds that the greater part of the vehicles badly affect the earth. It is comprehended that frequently such explicit vehicles face trouble in continuing themselves in the market because of the nearness of hardened rivalry. As expressed by Verberne, Ham and Midden (2012), clients appear to be bewildered about more than one million vehicle models present in the market (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The quantities of vehicle proprietors have expanded in the quickly creating affordable nation s, for example, Brazil, China and India (Merat et al., 2012). In addition an expansion in discharges has likewise brought about the oil emergency and loss of supportability. Accordingly, it has been seen that such a troublesome pattern can't be continued for long haul without settling on people in the future. It has been seen that organizations have executed electric vehicles to diminish the reliance on fuel. As expressed by Verberne, Ham and Midden (2012), the producers have executed different electric worked vehicles to the market. In any case, greatest clients favor fuel controlled vehicles to electric vehicles (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). In this manner the electric vehicles can't be considered as a substitute for the fuel vehicles. As contended by Le, Zolfaghari and Polak (2015), the self-propelled vehicles are alright for the individuals who cycle or stroll out and about. It has been seen that self-propelled vehicles have been customized to stay away from any sort of impediments. Google then again has chosen to execute the self-propelled vehicles as a swap for the taxi (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The association is cheerful that the vehicles will valuable for short separations. The driverless vehicles likewise require a solid web association. It has been seen that over 87% of individuals in the UK have a driving permit (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). Thusly oneself driving vehicles would not be gainful for the expert drivers. Article 3: Uber has proclaimed that their self-ruling vehicles will be finished by 2025 and they will at long last trade the self-governing vehicles by 2030 with the typical vehicles. As expressed by Narla (2013), the natural issue will make a central rebuilding economy. It has been seen that Tesla Motors has just executed the self-propelled electric vehicles in 2015 (businessinsider.com, 2015). Then again the General Motors (GM) has wanted to dispatch their self-propelled electric vehicles by 2017 (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The CEO of GM has commented that the brilliant observing and controlling framework will control the guiding, increasing speed and breaking in self driving condition. It has been seen that Google and Tesla Motors have wanted to actualize a completely self-sufficient vehicle (Merat et al., 2012). It is accepted by these associations that such vehicles will be openly accessible by 2020 (Litman, 2014). As per the specialists audit, the clients will be delayed to buy the self-governing vehicles. The association has seen that the expense of the possession is almost $US 9, 000 every year (businessinsider.com, 2015). Anyway the car business is cheerful that numerous individuals will purchase mechanized vehicles. Then again, the ride sharing assistance like Uber and Zipcar will pick up the prevalence as an option in contrast to vehicle proprietorship. As expressed by Le Vine, Zolfaghari and Polak (2015), the self-sufficient vehicle development will diminish the vehicle populace by 99%. This may likewise influence the protection showcase, car fund advertise, leaving industry and car post-retail. End: It has been seen that the mechanized vehicles have influenced the money related structure of the nation yet it has some great effects on the general public also. The self-propelled vehicles will decrease 90% crashes and spare roughly 30,000 lives each year. Then again, the mechanized vehicles will forestall more than 2.12 million wounds each year. It has been seen that 30% city traffic will lessen. The leaving place, transport end and carports become out of date. Accordingly adequate free space will accessible for land and metropolitan turn of events. Reference list: Consumes, L. D. (2013). Manageable versatility: a dream of our vehicle future.Nature,497(7448), 181-182. businessinsider.com, (2015).How Uber's self-ruling vehicles will devastate 10 million employments and reshape the economy by 2025. Fagnant, D. J., Kockelman, K. (2014). Setting up A NATION FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: 1 OPPORTUNITIES, BARRIERS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 2 CAPITALIZING ON SELF-DRIVEN VEHICLES 3.Transportation Research,20. Firnkorn, J., Mller, M. (2015). Free-coasting electric carsharing-armadas in keen urban areas: The unfolding of a post-private vehicle period in urban environments?.Environmental Science Policy,45, 30-40. Le Vine, S., Zolfaghari, A., Polak, J. (2015). Self-sufficient vehicles: The pressure between inhabitant experience and convergence capacity.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,52, 1-14. Litman, T. (2014). Self-sufficient Vehicle Implementation Predictions.Victoria Transport Policy Institute,28. Merat, N., Jamson, A. H., Lai, F. C., Carsten, O. (2012). Exceptionally mechanized driving, auxiliary assignment execution, and driver state.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,54(5), 762-771. Narla, S. R. (2013). The Evolution of Connected Vehicle Technology: From Smart Drivers to Smart Cars to... Self-Driving Cars.Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal,83(7), 22. Stanton, N,.(2015).Driverless vehicles are a difficult situation: we do none of the driving, however take the entirety of theresponsibility. theconversation.com,. (2014).Google's mechanical, driverless vehicles might be cutting edge, yet they're not the droids we're searching for. Verberne, F. M., Ham, J., Midden, C. J. (2012). Trust in brilliant frameworks sharing driving objectives and offering data to build dependability and agreeableness of savvy frameworks in cars.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,54(5), 799-810.

Do Child’s Shoe Size Increase with Age Free Essays

Do Children’s shoe size increment in age? IntroductionI prodded separated from my proof applicable information gathered three significant bits of data being, age, shoe size and sex I at that point accumulated the information and assessed the data subsequent to changing over it into tables, diagrams and graphs. I accumulated information from different ages, with different shoe size. Utilizing proof to comprehend and close which speculation is the most precise. We will compose a custom article test on Do Child’s Shoe Size Increase with Age or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now I comprehended the casing work of my report and from earlier information I previously had my very own proposition. Utilizing mind mapping I made Ideas for acquiring significant information. AimThe point of my examination is to have gotten enough important information to affirm the most precise speculation and fortify my contention. The proof should be clear and exact and explicit focuses summed up. Speculation and Null HypothesisHypothesis-Do children’s shoe size increment with age? Invalid speculation As kids get more established their shoe size don't get greater. MethodI formulated a straightforward short poll to get three significant pieces of data, sexual orientation, shoe size and age. All members were sixteen or under I got assent from themselves or their folks and clarified the explanations behind my exploration. I at that point moved the information into a count graph and determined what number of members have what size shoe. I at that point showed the information into a barchart, pie outline and a disperse chart. I utilized different methods of working out the midpoints. Members ages ran from ten years old to sixteen years old, their shoe size ran from a children’s size thirteen to a size seven. MethodTo get my proof I conceived a survey and disclosed to members on the off chance that I could pose them three short inquiries to finish my report. The chose questions I picked I felt would be sufficient to assemble a report, to watch a pattern and to affirm insights. Members I asked thirty members going from ten years old to sixteen years old, male and female with shoe sizes verying from a childs size thirteen to a size seven. I solicited equivalent sum from female members to male members. MaterialsEach members where approached on the off chance that they were glad for myself to pose three straightforward inquiries reference to their age, sexual orientation and shoe size. More youthful members gatekeepers were additionally approached on the off chance that they were glad for me to ask their childrens inquiries from my short poll. All members I knew by and by, they were either companions, family members or work collegues. Every poll showed ‘Thank you for finishing this short questionnaire’?Do children’s shoe size increment with ag eI disected the information into areas to see, right off the bat the normal shoe size generally speaking, having pertinent data permitted me to devise diagrams, charts and tables to assess whether shoe size increment with age. DiscussionI feel the scope old enough could be better as I had no information on the children’s age before the poll was finished by them which adjusted my outcomes. The outcomes obviously upheld the Hypothesis. A few outcomes I would not have anticipated for example a multi year old kid with size seven shoe. Certain elements, for example, sexual orientation may have influenced my outcomes, a portion of the members were young people and were likely encountering development sprays particularly male members as certain outcomes were very astounding as mentione already. I asked thirty members which I felt was sufficient kids to have enough date to devise a report possibly the scope of the members ages may have given me an intrigued turn to the Hypothesis. If I somehow happened to finish my examinations again I would likely have a bigger scope of the members age, I feel that the equivalent measure of male and female members gave a reasonable report. ConclusionAnalyzing my discoveries I can see that the overal members shoe size increased with age, the Hypothesis is by all accounts right. I believe I got enough information to comprehend if the Hypothesis was valid or bogus. I can likewise examine the most dependable normal is mode. The normal shoe size with in the members age scope of ten years to sixteen years is a size three. Step by step instructions to refer to Do Child’s Shoe Size Increase with Age, Papers

INFJ Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

INFJ Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print INFJ: The Advocate (Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging) An Overview of the INFJ Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key INFJ Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With INFJs View All INFJ (introverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging) is one of the 16 personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Sometimes referred to as the Advocate or the Idealist, people with INFJ personalities are creative, gentle, and caring. INFJs are usually reserved but highly sensitive to how others feel. They are typically idealistic, with high moral standards and a strong focus on the future. INFJs enjoy thinking about deep topics and contemplating the meaning of life. The INFJ type is said to be one of the rarest with just one to three percent of the population exhibiting this personality type. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell What sets the INFJ apart is their ability to take their idealism and translate it into action. They are not daydreamers or philosophers who just think about changing the world â€" they are capable of taking their values and using them to bring about positive and lasting change. While the MBTI is extremely popular, it has also been the source of considerable criticism due in part to its poor validity and reliability. If you do take the MBTI, use caution when considering the meaning of your results.?? You can learn more about the INFJ personality in this overview, but this should not be construed as health, psychological, or professional career advice. INFJ is also the opposite of the ESTP personality. Key INFJ Characteristics With their strong sense of intuition and emotional understanding, INFJs can be soft-spoken and empathetic. This does not mean that they are push-overs, however. They have deeply held beliefs and an ability to act decisively in order to get what they want.While they are introverted by nature, people with this personality type are able to form strong, meaningful connections with other people. They enjoy helping others, but they also need time and space to recharge.While this personality type may be characterized by idealism, this does not mean that INFJs see the world through rose-colored glasses. They understand the world, both the good and the bad, and hope to be able to make it better.When it comes to making decisions, they place a greater emphasis on personal concerns than objective facts when making decisions. They also like to exert control by planning, organizing and making decisions as early as possible. Strengths Sensitive to the needs of others Reserved Highly creative and artistic Focused on the future Values close, deep relationships Enjoys thinking about the meaning of life Idealistic Weaknesses Can be overly sensitive Sometimes difficult to get to know Can have overly high expectations Stubborn Dislikes confrontation Cognitive Functions The MBTI was originally created by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs in the 1940s based on the theories of Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung. Jung believed that a number of mental processes made up each individuals psychological type. He identified four key psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. Each of these functions then tends to be either outwardly focused (extraverted) or inwardly focused (introverted). MBTI advocates often utilize what they refer to as a functional stack when analyzing results. You can think of the different cognitive functions as the ingredients that go into making up a personality type. The specific recipe for each type is controlled by how these different ingredients combine and interact. The MBTI itself relies on two key factors that combine in different ways to give us the 16 different types. First is the functions themselves, and second is the hierarchical order of those functions. Each type possesses a dominant function that is the core characteristic of each type. This is then supported by an auxiliary function which is another well-developed aspect of personality. The tertiary and inferior functions are less conscious and not as well formed. INFJs tend to rely more on four primary cognitive functions: Dominant: Introverted Intuition This means that they tend to be highly focused on their internal insights.Once they have formed an intuition about something, they tend to stick to it very tightly, often to the point of being single-minded in their focus.Because of this, they are sometimes viewed as being stubborn and unyielding. Auxiliary: Extraverted Feeling This characteristic of this type makes INFJs highly aware of what other people are feeling, but it means they are sometimes less aware of their own emotions.INFJs sometimes struggle to say no to other peoples requests for this reason. They are so attuned to what other people are feeling that they fear causing disappointment or hurt feelings. Tertiary: Introverted Thinking INFJs make decisions based on ideas and theories that they form based on their own insights.INFJs rely primarily on their introverted intuition and extroverted feeling when making decisions, particularly when they are around other people. When they are alone, however, people with this personality type may rely more on their introverted thinking.In stressful situations, an INFJ might try to rely on emotions when making decisions, especially if it means pleasing other people. Under less stressful conditions, however, an INFJ is more likely to rely more on their intuition. Inferior: Extraverted Sensing While this is a less developed and largely unconscious aspect of the INFJ, it does have an impact on personality.This aspect of personality helps the INFJ pay attention to the world around them and stay aware of their surroundings.Extroverted sensing also helps INFJs better live in the present moment, rather than simply worrying about the future.This aspect of personality also helps INFJs appreciate physical activities such as hiking and dancing. INFJs You Might Know Oprah Winfey, television personalityMartin Luther King, Jr., civil rights leaderAtticus Finch, To Kill a MockingbirdCarl Jung, psychoanalystTaylor Swift, musician Personal Relationships INFJs also have a  talent for language  and are usually quite good at expressing themselves. They have a vivid inner life, but they are often hesitant to share this with others except for perhaps those closest to them. While they are quiet and sensitive, they can also be  good leaders. Even when they dont take on overt leadership roles, they often act as quiet influencers behind the scenes. INFJs are  driven by their strong values  and seek out meaning in all areas of their lives including relationships and work. People with this type of personality are often described as deep and complex. They may not have a huge circle of acquaintances, but their close friendships tend to be very close and long-lasting. INFJs are interested in helping others and making the world a better place. They tend to be  excellent listeners  and are good at interacting with people which whom they are emotionally close and connected. While they care deeply about others, INFJs tend to be very introverted and are only willing to share their true selves with a select few. After being in social situations, INFJs need time to themselves to recharge. Career Paths INFJs do well in careers where they can express their creativity. Because people with INFJ personality have such deeply held convictions and values, they do particularly well in jobs that support these principles. INFJs often do best in careers that mix their need for creativity with their desire to make meaningful changes in the world. INFJs are usually  high achievers  and excel in academics and the workplace. They can be perfectionists at times and tend to put a great deal of effort into their work. Co-workers tend to feel that INFJs are hardworking, positive, and easy to get along with. Because they are introverted, however, they may find that they need to retreat at times to recharge. In managerial roles, INFJs can sometimes struggle to exert authority. They tend to lead with sensitivity and are good at helping subordinates feel appreciated in the workplace. Jobs that require a great deal of routine or adherence to strict rules can be difficult or INFJs. Popular INFJ Careers ArtistActorEntrepreneurReligious workerMusicianLibrarianCounselorPsychologistWriterTeacherPhotographer Tips for Interacting With INFJs Friendships Because they are  reserved and private, INFJs can be difficult to get to know. They place a high value on close, deep relationships and can be hurt easily, although they often hide these feelings from others. Interacting with an INFJ involves understanding and supporting their need to retreat and recharge. People with this personality type sometimes feel misunderstood. You can be a good friend by taking the time to understand their perspective and appreciating their strengths. Parenting Because INFJs are so skilled at understanding feelings, they tend to be very close and connected to their children. They have high standards, and can have very high behavioral expectations. They are concerned with raising children that are kind, caring, and compassionate. INFJs encourage their children to pursue their interests and talents in order to fully realize their individual potential. Relationships INFJs have an innate ability to understand other peoples feelings and enjoy being in close, intimate relationships. They tend to flourish best in romantic relationships with people who they share their core values. As a partner, it is important to provide the support and emotional intimacy that an INFJ craves. Sincerity, honesty, and authenticity are all traits that the INFJ appreciates in their partner.

About The First Amendment Cases - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2066 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/24 Category Law Essay Level High school Topics: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? The First Amendment was created in 1791, which later added twenty seven more into present day that make up the Bill of Rights. Within the First Amendment, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech. (history.com, 2017) This Amendment gives the right of the people to peacefully assemble and petition the government for a redress of grievances as well. In the United States Supreme Court, there have been well over a 100 cases argued that are in regards to the First Amendment. The First Amendment guarantees the right of the American peoples freedom of speech. This gives Americans the right to express themselves without having to worry about interference from the government. The United States Supreme Court consistently struggles to determine what types of speech are protected within the First Amendment. This classification is continually evolving due to the abundant amount of c ases that arise in regard to the First Amendment. Among the immense amount of cases under the First Amendment, there are four very important landmark Supreme Court cases, out of thousands, in reference to the Freedom of Speech clause. Two of those cases, R.A.V v. City of St. Paul (1992) and Virginia v. Black et al (2003), deal with the issue of cross burning on personal property. The other two cases, Roth v. United States (1957) and Stanley v. Georgia (1969) dealt with the issue of owning and distributing obscenity. These cases share similarities under the First Amendment Freedom of Speech clause but differ on a factual basis. CASE: R.A.V v. City of St. Paul (1992) (Oyez, n.d) (LII / Legal Information Institute, 2018) (CaseBriefs LLC, n.d) (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) FACTS: In the city of St. Paul, Minnesota, several teenagers were reportedly burning cross on an African American familys lawn. The local police charged one of the teens und er a local bias-motivated criminal ordinance which prohibits the display of a symbol which arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, or gender. (Oyez, n.d) This case was argued on December 4th, 1991. The trial court dismissed this charge on the basis that the ordinance was substantially over-broad. (LII / Legal Information Institute, 2018) The state supreme court reversed this decision. R.A.V appealed to the U.S Supreme Court. QUESTION: Is the ordinance overly broad and in violation of the First amendment free speech clause? (Oyez, n.d) REASONING: The reasoning of the court was delivered by Justice Scalia. The ordinance was found to be content-based that it does not fall into an exception of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. (CaseBriefs LLC, n.d) Justice Byron White said The ordinance is unconstitutional because it is over-broad. Whilst Justice Harry Blackmun said The ordinance goes beyond regulating figh ting words. (CaseBriefs LLC, n.d) The Court noted that it was bound by the Minnesota Supreme Courts interpretation of the statute that the ordinance reached only fighting words. (LII / Legal Information Institute, 2018) The local-ordinance was further defined as prohibiting fighting words only as they apply to cases of racial, gender, or religious harassment. (CaseBriefs LLC, n.d) Words that were directed at political affiliation or homosexuality were legally allowed. Our government is bound by the First Amendment from punishing speech and expressive conduct because it disapproves of the ideas expressed. Under this ordinance, for example, one could hold up a sign declaring all anti-semites are bastards but not that all Jews are bastards. (Oyez, n.d) The prohibition of speech in particular areas, while other kinds are unrestricted, is why the ordinance was held unconstitutional. (CaseBriefs LLC, n.d) Justice Scalia said that First Amendment jurisprudence has long held that nonver bal activity cannot be banned on the basis of the idea it expresses, for example, the burning of a flag could be punishable under an ordinance prohibiting fires but not under an ordinance prohibiting the burning of flags because of the message of dishonor it conveys. (LII / Legal Information Institute, 2018) Justice White, in his concurring opinion, expressed that the case could be easily decided as fatally over-broad because it criminalizes not only unprotected expression but expression protected by the First Amendment (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) DECISION: The Court held a 9 to 0 vote holding that the statute was facially unconstitutional on June 22nd, 1992. (Oyez, n.d) CASE: Virginia v. Black et al. (2003) (Oyez, n.d) (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) FACTS: Barry Black, Richard Elliott, and Jonathon OMara were convicted separately of violation of a Virginia statute that makes it a felony for any person, with the intent of intimidating any person or group, to burn a cross on the property of another, a highway or other public place,. (Oyez, n.d) This statute specifies that any such burningshall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate a person or group. (Oyez, n.d) This case was argued on December 11th, 2002. During the trial, Black objected on the First Amendment grounds to a jury instruction that cross burning by itself is sufficient evidence from which the required intent to intimidate could be inferred. (Oyez, n.d) He was found guilty. OMara pleaded guilty to all charges. In Elliots trial, the judge did not give an instruction on the statutes prima facie evidence provision. (Oyez, n.d) QUESTION: Does the Commonwealth of Virginias cross-burning statute, which prohibits the burning of a cross with the intent of intimidating any person or group and its prima facie evidence, violate the First Amendment? (Oyez, n.d) REASONING: Justice Sandra Day OConnor delivered the Court s majority opinion. According to the Court, however, the importance of public interest in order and morality may restrict the content of speech in a few limited areas. (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) For example, the First Amendment allows states to ban true threats, which are defined as statements where the speakers means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group. (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) The Court decided that intimidation was a type of true threat and found that the act of cross burning often involves intimidation by creating fear in victims that they are a target of violence. (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) The Court reviewed its reasoning in R.A.V v. St. Paul, where they found that the statute as it banned cross burning with intent to intimidate did come in conflict with the First Amendment because of its co ntent-based nature. (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) The seven supporting justices agreed that the Statute was deemed unconstitutional and therefore agreed in the Courts judgement insofar as it affirmed the invalidation of Blacks conviction. (Oyez, n.d) The Court ruled the prima facie evidence provision rendered the statute as facially unconstitutional because it would create an unacceptable risk of suppressing the act of cross burning as part a legitimate form of symbolic speech, which is thereby protected under the First Amendment. Accordingly, the Court found the prima facie provisions given by the jury instruction made the statute facially unconstitutional. (Global Freedom of Expression at Columbia University, n.d) DECISION: The Court held a 7 to 2 vote for Virginia on April 7th, 2003. (Oyez, n.d) CASE: Roth v. United States (1957) (Oyez, n.d) (Skelton, n.d) FACTS: Roth owned and operated a book-selling business in New York. He was con victed of mailing obscene circulars and obscene books in violation of a federal obscenity statute. (Oyez, n.d) Roths case was combined with another that was similar within his conviction. (Oyez n.d) This case was Alberts v. California, where Albert was convicted for selling lewd books, publishing obscene ads, and composing them. The California obscenity law was challenged by Alberts. Roths case was argued on April 22nd 1957. (Oyez, n.d) QUESTION: Did either the federal or Californias obscenity restrictions, prohibiting the sale of obscene materials through the mail, impinge upon the freedom of expression as guaranteed by the First Amendment? (Oyez, n.d) REASONING: Justice William J. Brennan Jr., wrote the decision of the Warren Court. In the Roth case, the conviction was upheld because the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. ? § 1461, which makes mailing obscene books punishable. As well as the Albert case, where the constitutionality of ? § 311 of Wests California Penal Cod e., 1955, makes it a misdemeanor to sell obscene material. (Skelton, n.d) Sex and obscenity are not synonymous. Obscene material is material which deals with sex in a manner appealing to material intended to excite lustful thoughts. (Skelton, n.d) The Court decided that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected freedom of speech or press under the First Amendment. (Skelton, n.d) This means that constitutional guaranties were not violated in these cases. (Skelton, n.d) In these cases, both trial courts sufficiently followed the proper standard and used the proper definition of obscenity. The Court noted that the First Amendment was not intended to protect every form of expression, such as materials that were utterly without redeeming social importance. (Oyez, n.d) The Court held that the test to determine obscenity was whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of material taken as a whole appeals to prur ient interest. (Oyez, n.d) The Court held that such a definition of obscenity gave sufficient fair warning and satisfied the demands of Due Process. (Oyez, n.d) In 1957, the case was a 6 to 3 decision, later Justice Brennan reversed his position on the issue in Miller v. California (1973). (Oyez, n.d) Miller v. California superseded Roth v. United States. DECISION: The Court held a 6 to 3 decision upholding the convictions of Roth and Alberts. CASE: Stanley v. Georgia (1969) (Oyez, n.d) (Cornell Law School, n.d) FACTS: Local law enforcement officers, under the authority of a warrant, searched Stanleys home pursuant to an investigation of his alleged bookmaking activities. During the search, the officers found three reels of eight-millimeter film. (Oyez, n.d) The officers viewed the films, concluded they were obscene material, and seized them. Stanley was tried and convicted under a Georgia law prohibiting the possession of obscene materials. (Oyez, n.d) QUESTION: Did the Georgia statute infringe upon the freedom of expression protected by the First Amendment? REASONING: The appellant ruled that the Georgia obscenity statute is unconstitutional because it punishes private possessions of obscene matter. The Georgia Supreme Court relied on Roth v. United States, arguing the statutes validity on the ground that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press. (Cornell Law School, n.d) The United States Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibits making private possession of obscene material a crime. The Constitution protects the right to receive information and to be generally free from governmental intrusions into ones privacy and control of ones thoughts. (Cornell Law School, n.d) Justice Marshall delivered the opinion of the Court. Charging a person with possession of obscene material is considered non-essential to an indictment unless the person being charged had an intent to sell, expos e, or circulate. For these reasons, the Court agreed that the mere private possession of obscene matter cannot constitutionally be made a crime. The Court used other cases to lock its decision such as Stanley v. State, Roth v. United States, Alberts v. California and Ginsberg v. New York. (Cornell Law School, n.d) These cases helped shed light on the current case comparing the convictions based on the mere private possession and the actual intent to sell and distribute obscene material. Justice Marshall was famously quoted, finding that if the First Amendment means anything, it means that a State has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch. Our whole constitutional heritage rebels at the thought of giving government the power to control mens minds. (Oyez, n.d) The Court distinguished between the mere private possession of obscene materials ,with help of previous decisions, and the production and distribution of such materials. The latter, the Court held, could be regulated by the states. (Oyez, n.d) DECISION: The Court held a unanimous decision for Stanley on April 7th 1969. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About The First Amendment Cases" essay for you Create order

Culture Is Defined As The Internet And Mass Media

Culture is defined as â€Å"the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time† (Merriam Webster, 2015). Different continents, from Far East Asia to the West Most point of the Antarctica, holds their own unique traditions and cultures. Modern form of communication, such as the internet and mass media, had exposed us to various different cultures, thousands miles away from us, enabling us to see with our own eyes their practices and traditions. Despite that, does the images and recordings we see with our eyes through the media are enough to convey all the values in the culture itself? Our view on the matter may be different that from how others, especially the locals, sees the matter itself due to the fact that the visual we see does not hold enough of the emotions and values in the culture itself. In order to send deeper messages that cannot be merely perceived only with visuals, poetry plays a considerable amount of role in the representation of a culture. Why does poetry have the ability to fully portray a culture? Poetry have the ability to ‘display’ a culture due to the fact that a poet who writes poems about a certain culture ‘usually’ had either encountered the culture themselves or practice the culture and the customs in their daily life. This statement is similar to what Ava McCall said in her articles â€Å"Using Poetry in Social Studies Classes to Teach about Cultural Diversity and Social Justice†, that poets often write poems according toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mass Media and Popular Culture1491 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture: Effects on the Population Mass Media and Popular Culture Mass media and popular culture go hand in hand. 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Between Technology and Criminal Justice Free Essays

I. Introduction As information plays a vital role in the advancements of criminal justice system, technological changes are closely related to the best conduct of criminal justice. The very efficiency of system can be integral to the quality of justice it provides. We will write a custom essay sample on Between Technology and Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, the timely dissemination of information through new technologies too has larger impacts on criminal justice system. At present, technological development has become more complex and it has given birth to new types of databases which are qualitatively different. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of technological advancements pertaining to the communication capabilities of criminal justice system. It would the merits and demerits of major databases such as AFIS, Live Scan, Facial Recognition, and Iris Scan briefly and compares them in their strengths and weaknesses. II. Technology, Database and Criminal Justice Over the years, information technology has become a key component of the criminal justice systems as it has unprecedentedly enhanced the communication capabilities of database available for the conduct of criminal justice. Not only the inquiry bodies such as police but also courts and governments as decision making agencies too make use of advances information and communication technologies in their pursuit of criminal justice. Blitz (2004) has argued that the creation of databases for entire population itself is illegal and categorically asserts that â€Å"it is not merely the continuing observation of activities that undercuts privacy, but to an even greater degree, the ongoing recording of these activities†. Importantly, criminals too have been using sophisticated technology not only for cyber crimes but also for inflicting severe crimes over several realms of social life. Technologically sophisticated databases â€Å"such as GPS tracking bracelets, biometric scanners, online offender indexes, and DNA databases–give the government power to control dangerous persons without relying on any exertion of physical control† (Murphy, 2008). Automated Fingerprints Identification Systems (AFIS) enables the checking of criminal history records of a person just a matter of minutes. It has been argues that â€Å"the ability of AFIS systems to search millions of records in minutes and present candidates to the latent print examiner borders on the incredible† (Komarinski, 2005). AFIS is technologically sophisticated mainly in three counts; quantity wise-the extent of fingerprints could be cross checked, quality wise- the extent of correctness of the information and time wise-the extent of time saving and other related benefits involved. AFIS can be helpful not only in identifying criminals but also the victims of crime. Following the World Trade Center attack, it is with the help of AFIS, â€Å"the latent print examiners were able to identify over 300 victims, bringing closure and comfort to their families. This would not have been possible without AFIS technology† (Komarinski, 2005). It is also helpful for identifying people with memory disorders or who are dead. Moreover, it could be as intense as possible to integrate the entire biometric details of all the people in the world. Also, it is possible to link AFIS systems easily with other databases too. AFIS can also be used in avoiding welfare cheating and the right allocation of government services for the right people. As AFIS systems grow in spectacular speed, a latent print found at crime site could be compared against all the known people and if not matching, could be stored for future match. Iris Scan is highly advanced as â€Å"which are per perceived to have a higher accuracy rate than traditional facial recognition programs†. Also, Iris scan enables the documentation of ones identity without even his/her identity as it is legal in most countries to snap the image of a person in public. It also could be potentially used for imposing â€Å"residency and movement restrictions that declare certain areas off limits to particular individuals† who have conditional paroles, barring notices or stay away orders. However, it gives the possibility of the misuse of Iris Scan databases for segregating ethnic minorities or other dissident groups. A technology like Live Scan or Iris Scan can be an easy tool for governments and big corporations to breach the privacy of innocent individuals and authoritarian regimes could well use them for surveillance of the entire population. Also, such databases and techniques could be hacked by criminal elements and used for terrorizing the whole world. Murphy (2005) has pointed out that government strategies virtual contol could be more dangerous than physical control as still the â€Å"courts unduly focus on the physical world as the relevant metric against which all restraints are judged. As a result, technologies of restraint are imposed without necessary procedural safeguards†. The unaccountability of the possible uses of databases by the governments too is a matter of alarming concern. In other words, a technological development such as Iris Scan enables the government and security agencies to monitor the entire population amounting to imprison people in a prison without walls. In comparison, it could be argued that Iris Scan could be considered as the best available database could be used fro criminal justice. It does not involve any physical touch for the obtaining of date and it could be taken without the consent of a person. Moreover, Iris Scan could be well used to obtain the sample even from an unwilling person without using force. III. Conclusion The technological advancements have helped the conduct of criminal justice faster, accurate and less procedurally complex. More than punitive measures, database could be used also for affirmative actions such as victim identification, welfare distribution, cheat prevention etc. However, it opens up new possibilities for abuse as well such as those by authoritarian regimes and commercial interests in monitoring the population. Reference Blitz, M. J. (2004). Video Surveillance and the Constitution of Public Space: Fitting the Fourth Amendment to a World That Tracks Image and Identity. Texas Law Review. 82 (6). pp. 1349-85 Komarinski, P. (2005) Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). Burlington. Elsevier Academic Press. Murphy, E. (2008). Paradigms of Restraint. Duke Law Journal. 57 (5). pp. 1321-45 How to cite Between Technology and Criminal Justice, Essays

The Coldest Winter Ever Essay Example For Students

The Coldest Winter Ever Essay Debut novel by hip-hop rap artist Sister Souljah, whose No Disrespect (1994), which mixes sexual history with political diatribe, is popular in schools country-wide. In its way, this is a tour de force of black English and underworld slang, as finely tuned to its heroines voice as Alice Walkers The Color Purple. The subject matter, though, has a certain flashiness, like a black Godfather family saga, and the heroines eventual fall develops only glancingly from her character. Born to a 14-year-old mother during one of New Yorks worst snowstorms, Winter Santiaga is the teenaged daughter of Ricky Santiaga, Brooklyns top drug dealer, who lives like an Arab prince and treats his wife and four daughters like a queen and her princesses. Winter lost her virginity at 12 and now focuses unwaveringly on varieties of adolescent self-indulgence: sex and sugar-daddies, clothes, and getting her own way. We will write a custom essay on The Coldest Winter Ever specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She uses school only as a stepping-stone for getting out of the houseafter all, nobodys paying her to go there. But if theres no money in it, why go? Meanwhile, Daddy decides its time to move out of Brooklyn to truly fancy digs on Long Island, though this places him in the discomfiting position of not being absolutely hands-on with his dealers; and sure enough the rise of some young Turks leads to his arrest. Then he does something really stupid: he murders his wifes two weak brothers in jail with him on Rikers Island and gets two consecutive life sentences. Winters then on her own, especially with Bullet, who may have replaced her dad as top hood, though when she selfishly fails to help her pregnant buddy Simone, theres worsemuch worseto come. Thinness aside: riveting stuff, with language so frank it curls your hair. (Author tour) Copyright 1999, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved. This text refers to the Hardcover edition. Book Description Renowned hip-hop artist, writer, and activist Sister Souljah brings the streets of New York to life in a powerful and utterly unforgettable first novel. I came busting into the world during one of New Yorks worst snowstorms, so my mother named me Winter. Ghetto-born, Winter is the young, wealthy daughter of a prominent Brooklyn drug-dealing family. Quick-witted, sexy, and business-minded, she knows and loves the streets like the curves of her own body. But when a cold Winter wind blows her read more Words/ Pages : 843 / 24